Abstract
Recently, we developed ultra-stable oil in water nano-emulsions (O/W NEs), able to carry both internal and external cargos (Somes), such as lipophilic compounds and hydrophilic coatings, respectively, that we call here NEsoSomes. O/W NEs are an excellent bioengineering tool for drug and molecules delivery, due to their ability to dissolve a large number of hydrophobic compounds and protect them from hydrolysis and degradation under biological conditions. At present, no report is available on the combination of cell membrane coatings with such nanocarriers, probably due to their typical instability feature. Since then, we have reported, for the first time, a new cell membrane (CM)-coated nanomaterial composed of membranes extracted from glioblastoma cancer cells (U87-MG) deposited on NEsoSomes, through a liquid–liquid interface method, to produce highly controllable membrane caked nano-capsules, namely CM-NEsoSomes. CM-NEsoSomes were physically characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) over time and their correct morphology was analyzed by confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microscopy. Moreover, CM-NEsoSomes biocompatibility was tested on the healthy model cell line, performing cell cytotoxicity and uptake assay, showing nanocarriers uptake by cells with no induced cytotoxicity.
Highlights
Nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDS) are widely investigated to improve the efficacy and safety of drug therapy and diagnostics
The kinetic stability of oil in water nanoemulsions (O/W NEs) is usually increased via layer-by-layer strategies, and their surfaces can be decorated with specific ligands, such as proteins, polymers and cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) able to target cells or tissues [1,2,3,4,5]
Cell membranes were isolated from U87-MG according to the procedure reported by Balasubramanian et al [26], with some modifications (Scheme 1A–C)
Summary
Nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDS) are widely investigated to improve the efficacy and safety of drug therapy and diagnostics. The kinetic stability of O/W NEs is usually increased via layer-by-layer strategies, and their surfaces can be decorated with specific ligands, such as proteins, polymers and cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) able to target cells or tissues [1,2,3,4,5]. They have some limitations, including short circulation time, immune recognition, poor tumour accumulation and penetration [3,6,7]. Cell membrane-coated nano-carriers consist of a core formed by different materials, and in a shell of cell-derived membranes; this coating strategy is known to elude the immune system, simplify in vivo imaging, improve therapeutic efficacy and increase drug accumulation in specific targeted sites, depending on the nature of the coated membrane [7,8]
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