Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of action of Celastrus orbiculatus extract (COE) on oral squamous carcinoma cells.
 Methods: Tca8113 cells were divided into negative control and three COE treatment groups, viz, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL of COE. Succinate dehydrogenase activity assay (MTT assay) and flow cytometry were used to assess cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell migration and invasion were assessed by Transwell chamber and wound healing assays while relative protein expression was determined by Western blot.
 Results: As the concentration of COE increased, the number of cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase increased (p < 0.05), expressions of cell-cycle-related proteins decreased (p < 0.001); the number of apoptotic cells increased (p < 0.001), and the rates of cell migration and invasion decreased (p < 0.001). Exogenous COE significantly inhibited p-IκBα accumulation in the cytoplasm and induced IκBα accumulation. Nuclear p65 recruitment was reduced in cells treated with COE compared to untreated control cells (p < 0.001), suggesting that the classical NF-κB pathway was blocked by COE.
 Conclusion: These results demonstrate that COE inhibits the proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells while promoting apoptosis by blocking NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that Celastrus orbiculatus extract possesses a potential therapeutic effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Highlights
More than 90 % of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), which originate in the oral mucosa [1]
The results showed that C. orbiculatus extracts (COE) induced the apoptosis of Tca8113 cells in a dose-dependent manner
This study provides evidence that COE inhibits cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion of Tcs8113 cells
Summary
More than 90 % of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), which originate in the oral mucosa [1]. Oral squamous cell carcinomas is a solid malignant tumor with some of the highest morbidity and mortality rates among head and neck malignant tumors [2]. Despite recent advances in diagnostic, surgical, and chemotherapy strategies, the 5-year survival of OSCC patients remains low. Traditional Chinese medicine has shown great potential in cancer treatment and is a potential source of therapeutic drugs for OSCC. Is the source of a traditional medicine for treating pain and for various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. Studies have shown that C. orbiculatus extracts (COE) have a variety of biological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and antiviral effects [3]
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