CDHR3 extracellular domains EC1-3 mediate rhinovirus C interaction with cells and as recombinant derivatives, are inhibitory to virus infection.

George A Belov,Kelly Watters,Ann C Palmenberg

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007477

George A Belov, Kelly Watters + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007477

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Journal: PLoS Pathogens	Publication Date: Dec 10, 2018
Citations: 20	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Wisconsin–Madison

Abstract

Viruses in the rhinovirus C species (RV-C) are more likely to cause severe wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations in children than related isolates of the RV-A or RV-B. The RV-C capsid is structurally distinct from other rhinoviruses and does not bind ICAM-1 or LDL receptors. The RV-C receptor is instead, human cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3), a protein unique to the airway epithelium. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6967330, encoding C529Y) in CDHR3 regulates the display density of CDHR3 on cell surfaces and is among the strongest known genetic correlates for childhood virus-induced asthma susceptibility. CDHR3 immunoprecipitations from transfected or transduced cell lysates were used to characterize the RV-C interaction requirements. The C529 and Y529 variations in extracellular repeat domain 5 (EC5), bound equivalently to virus. Glycosylase treatment followed by mass spectrometry mapped 3 extracellular N-linked modification sites, and further detected surface-dependent, α2–6 sialyation unique to the Y529 format. None of these modifications were required for RV-C recognition, but removal or even dilution of structurally stabilizing calcium ions from the EC junctions irreversibly abrogated virus binding. CDHR3 deletions expressed in HeLa cells or as bacterial recombinant proteins, mapped the amino-terminal EC1 unit as the required virus contact. Derivatives containing the EC1 domain, could not only recapitulate virus:receptor interactions in vitro, but also directly inhibit RV-C infection of susceptible cells for several virus genotypes (C02, C15, C41, and C45). We propose that all RV-C use the same EC1 landing pad, interacting with putative EC3-mediated multimerization formats of CDHR3.

Highlights

Rhinoviruses (RV) are a large group of non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses in the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family
We propose that all rhinovirus C species (RV-C) use the same EC1 landing pad, interacting with putative EC3-mediated multimerization formats of cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3)
Refractive to growth in standard tissue culture, RV-C uses a receptor that is distinct from the RV-A or RV-B species, which we identified as CDHR3 in 2015

Summary

Introduction

Rhinoviruses (RV) are a large group of non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses in the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Virus propagation was restricted to sinus mucosa organ tissues or to airway epithelial air-liquid-interface cultures (ALI) because the isolates proved refractive to standard cell culture [11,12]. These labor-intensive, low virus-titer systems did allow the determination that RV-C growth required a cellular receptor component distinct from intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) used by the RV-A/B species [10,13,14]. Gene expression profiles from susceptible and non-susceptible cells subsequently identified cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) as the missing cell-surface constituent [15]

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