Causes of Enhanced Bromine Levels in Alpine Ice Cores During the 20th Century: Implications for Bromine in the Free European Troposphere

Abstract

AbstractTotal bromine (Br) was investigated in seasonally resolved alpine ice cores covering the 20th century. Results revealed increased Br concentrations in summer (from 0.7 ng g−1 in the late 1940s to 1.6 ng g−1 in the mid 1970s), followed by a slight decrease to 1.25 ng g−1 during the last decade of the 20th century. In winter, a more moderate increase was observed from before 1950 (0.35 ng g−1) to the 1970–2000 period (∼0.50 ng g−1). Measurements of lead suggest that ∼75% of the bromine increase in summer alpine ice between 1930–1950 and 1965–1985 was from bromine‐containing aerosol (PbBrCl) emitted during the combustion of leaded gasoline. This contribution decreased to ∼27% in 2000 following the large decrease of lead additive content in gasoline used in western Europe. Summer ice bromine concentrations, not related to PbBrCl aerosol (denoted Bry*), increased by 40% from the late 1940s to the 1990–2000 decade. In winter, the contribution of leaded‐gasoline aerosol to total bromine levels was weaker than in summer, with the winter bromine trend mainly caused by enhanced Bry* levels (∼40%) after 1950. These Bry* variations in glacial ice are discussed in terms of past atmospheric reactive bromine (Bry) changes in the European troposphere, including anthropogenic CH3Br emissions and transport from the stratosphere.