Causation of Oxidative Stress and Defense Response of a Yeast Cell Model after Treatment with Orthodontic Alloys Consisting of Metal Ions.

Vito Kovač,Matic Bergant,Jasmina Primožič,Borut Poljšak,Polona Jamnik,Janez Ščančar

doi:10.3390/antiox11010063

Vito Kovač, Matic Bergant + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010063

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Abstract

Misaligned teeth have a tremendous impact on oral and dental health, and the most efficient method of correcting the problem is orthodontic treatment with orthodontic appliances. The study was conducted to investigate the metal composition of selected orthodontic alloys, the release of metal ions, and the oxidative consequences that the metal ions may cause in the cell. Different sets of archwires, stainless steel brackets, and molar bands were incubated in artificial saliva for 90 days. The composition of each orthodontic material and quantification of the concentration of metal ions released were evaluated. Metal ion mixtures were prepared to determine the occurrence of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and oxidative damage to proteins. The beta titanium alloy released the fewest metal ions and did not cause oxidative stress or protein damage. The metal ions from stainless steel and the cobalt-chromium alloy can cause oxidative stress and protein damage only at high concentrations. All metal ions from orthodontic alloys alter the activity of antioxidant enzymes in some way. The determined amounts of metal ions released from orthodontic appliances in a simulated oral environment are still below the maximum tolerated dose, and the concentrations of released metal ions are not capable of inducing oxidative stress, although some changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed at these concentrations.

Highlights

The number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment for malocclusions is constantly increasing
It is reported that glossitis, gingivitis, contact stomatitis, multiform erythema, and gingival hypertrophy may occur during orthodontic treatment, which could be related to the toxic effects of metal ions released by fixed orthodontic appliances [3]
In our previous study [7], we investigated the possible adverse effects that metal ion mixtures of different orthodontic alloys may have on a yeast cell model, highlighting the aspect of cytotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Summary

Introduction

The number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment for malocclusions is constantly increasing. Depending on the type and severity of malocclusion, various treatment options are available, including fixed orthodontic appliances. The parts of fixed orthodontic appliances, including brackets, archwires, and bands, are made of various alloys that are meant to be durable, strong, resistant, and most importantly, biocompatible. The oral environment, with its constantly changing pH, temperatures, and biological and enzymatic compositions, is a stressful environment for any orthodontic appliance [1]. According to the American Board of Orthodontics, treatment with fixed appliances lasts approximately 24 months [2]; this raises the question of the safe use of such appliances. It is reported that glossitis, gingivitis, contact stomatitis, multiform erythema, and gingival hypertrophy may occur during orthodontic treatment, which could be related to the toxic effects of metal ions released by fixed orthodontic appliances [3]

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Results

Conclusion