Abstract
Spontaneous vesicle formation in water by single-chain surfactants is rare. Here we show that in aqueous solution, a single-chain cationic surfactant 3-(dodecylcarbamoyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (C12-CAR) derived from d,l-carnitine spontaneously forms vesicles with hydrodynamic diameters in the range of 30–70nm. A detailed self-assembly study of the C12-CAR surfactant was performed for the first time by use of a combination of techniques, including surface tension, conductivity, fluorescence probe, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The cationic surfactant was found to have a reasonably low critical aggregation concentration (3.4±0.2mM) in water at 298K. The vesicles were observed to be stable at the physiological temperature (310K) over a long period of time. Although the vesicles formed were found to be unstable and exhibit vesicle-to-tubule transition in the presence of salt, in the presence of 10mol% cholesterol the stability of vesicles is enhanced. When compared with lipofectamine-2000, the C12-CAR was found to act as an effective gene transfection agent in COS-1 cell line. The surfactant-DNA complex was also found to be nontoxic toward CHO cells.
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