Abstract
The deposition of copper from copper(II)-ammine sulphate solutions containing a stoichiometric excess of ammonia (6 mol dm −3), has been investigated as a function of cathode rotation speed, copper concentration, temperature and current density. The influence of these variables on current efficiency, cell voltage, energy consumption and deposit quality is reported. Current efficiencies were up to 90% and the minimum energy consumption 2–3 kWh per kilogram of copper. The optimum cathodic current density increased with the intensity of convection in the bath, concentration of copper and temperature, whereas energy consumption decreased. A semi-quantitative theory to explain the mechanism of the current losses in terms of corrosion of the deposit in the absence of an external current is presented.
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