Abstract
We report the catalytic hydrothermal upgrading of pretreated algal bio-oil. The reaction was performed at 400°C for 240min with the addition of 6MPa H2 and 10wt.% zeolite catalyst in supercritical water (ρH2O=0.025g/cm3). Nine zeolites (Hβ, HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3=25:1), HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3=50:1), HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3=170:1), HY (5% Na2O), HY (0.8% Na2O), SAPO-11, MCM-41 (50% Si), and MCM-41 (100% Si) were screened to investigate their effects on the yields of the product fraction and the properties (e.g., elemental composition and heating value) of the upgraded bio-oil. The catalyst type affected the yields of the product fractions: SAPO-11 produced the lowest upgraded bio-oil yield of 42.4wt.%, and MCM-41 provided the highest yield of 54.5wt.%. Compared with non-catalytic upgrading reactions, all of the zeolites promoted the denitrogenation, deoxygenation, and desulfurization of the pretreated bio-oil due to the presence of acid sites. HY (5% Na2O), HY (0.8% Na2O), and HZSM-5 (SiO2/Al2O3=25:1) showed the highest activity toward denitrogenation, deoxygenation, and desulfurization, respectively. The upgraded bio-oil mainly consisted of hydrocarbons, accounting for 80% in total and as high as 95.6% of the fraction below 400°C.
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