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Abstract
A new generation of bioplatform molecule 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) has excellent energy density and combustion performance, which makes it a potential fuel additive. This article reviews the factors that affect the production of EMF from different feedstocks, including platform compounds, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and raw lignocellulosic biomass. Focus is placed on discussing the catalytic efficiency with pros and cons of different acid catalysts, including homogeneous catalysts (i.e., liquid acids and metal salts), heterogeneous catalysts (i.e., zeolites, heteropolyacid-based hybrids, and SO3H-based catalysts), ionic liquids, mixed acid catalysts, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Except for the commonly used ethanol solvent, this review also summarizes the influence of the cosolvent system (e.g., ethanol/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol/tetrahydrofuran (THF), and ethanol/γ-valerolactone (GVL)) on the EMF yield.
Highlights
A new generation of bioplatform molecule 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) has excellent energy density and combustion performance, which makes it a potential fuel additive. is article reviews the factors that affect the production of EMF from different feedstocks, including platform compounds, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and raw lignocellulosic biomass
Focus is placed on discussing the catalytic efficiency with pros and cons of different acid catalysts, including homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, ionic liquids, mixed acid catalysts, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs)
Except for the commonly used ethanol solvent, this review summarizes the influence of the cosolvent system (e.g., ethanol/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol/tetrahydrofuran (THF), and ethanol/c-valerolactone (GVL)) on the EMF yield
Summary
In the process of synthesising EMF, catalysts, raw materials, and solvents are the key components in the reaction system. Scheme 2 shows the reaction pathways of EMF synthesis from ethanolysis of carbohydrates (e.g., fructose, glucose, sucrose, and cellulose). Is method can reduce the cost and steps of intermediate separation and purification [27,28,29] It always has a relatively lower yield of EMF from these complex carbohydrates, compared with fructose, HMF, 5chloromethylfurfural (CMF), and 5-bromomethylfurfural (BMF) [29,30,31,32,33]. EMF can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution of BMF and CMF [34, 35] or etherification of HMF in ethanol [36, 37]. Transformation of disaccharides, polysaccharides, and biomass sugars into platform compounds (e.g., HMF, CMF, and BMF) typically undergoes hydrolysis, isomerization, esterification, chlorination, and etherification. Because of the multiple steps required for the synthesis of EMF, side reactions are more likely to occur, which convert intermediate products into other byproducts or humins
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