Abstract
β-Glucosidases are diverse group of enzymes with great functional importance to biological systems. These are grouped in multiple glycoside hydrolase families based on their catalytic and sequence characteristics. Most studies carried out on β-glucosidases are focused on their industrial applications rather than their endogenous function in the target organisms. β-Glucosidases performed many functions in bacteria as they are components of large complexes called cellulosomes and are responsible for the hydrolysis of short chain oligosaccharides and cellobiose. In plants, β-glucosidases are involved in processes like formation of required intermediates for cell wall lignification, degradation of endosperm’s cell wall during germination and in plant defense against biotic stresses. Mammalian β-glucosidases are thought to play roles in metabolism of glycolipids and dietary glucosides, and signaling functions. These enzymes have diverse biotechnological applications in food, surfactant, biofuel, and agricultural industries. The search for novel and improved β-glucosidase is still continued to fulfills demand of an industrially suitable enzyme. In this review, a comprehensive overview on detailed functional roles of β-glucosidases in different organisms, their industrial applications, and recent cloning and expression studies with biochemical characterization of such enzymes is presented for the better understanding and efficient use of diverse β-glucosidases.
Highlights
Introduction bGlucosidases (b-D-glucopyrranoside glucohydrolase) [E.C.3.2.1.21] are the enzymes which hydrolyze the glycosidic bond of a carbohydrate moiety to release nonreducing terminal glycosyl residues, glycoside and oligosaccharides (Bhatia et al 2002; Morant et al 2008; Cairns and Esen 2010; Li et al 2013)
Most studies carried out on b-glucosidases are focused on their industrial applications rather than their endogenous function in the target organisms. b-Glucosidases performed many functions in bacteria as they are components of large complexes called cellulosomes and are responsible for the hydrolysis of short chain oligosaccharides and cellobiose
These enzymes are present in all kinds of organisms including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, and play several important roles such as biomass conversion in microorganisms, breakdown of glycolipids and process of lignification, involve in defense against pests, phytohormones activation, catabolism of cell wall in plants and both plant–microbes and plant–insects interaction. b-Glucosidase plays an important role in the treatment of Gaucher’s disease in which accumulation of glycoceramides takes place in the lysosomal tissues (Butters 2007). b-Glucosidases are the essential part of cellulase system and catalyze the last and final step in cellulose hydrolysis
Summary
B-Glucosidases are widely used in the various biotechnological processes, including the production of biofuel and ethanol from cellulosic agricultural wastes and synthesis of useful b-glucosides (Li et al 2013). B-glucosidases are the key enzymes in the enzymatic release of aromatic compounds from glucosidic precursors present in fruits and fermenting products (Krisch et al 2010). An alternative classification system for glycoside hydrolases based on amino acid sequence and structural similarity has been developed (Henrissat and Davies 1997). 133 glycoside hydrolase (GH) families are listed in the frequently updated Carbohydrate Active enZYme (CAZY) website (http://www.cazy.org) (Cantarel et al 2009; Cairns and Esen 2010). These families are further classified into clans. Out of two catalytic glutamate residues, the acid/base catalyzing residue was located on strand 4 while the nucleophilic residue was located on strand 7
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