Catalytic graphitization: A bottom-up approach to graphene and quantum dots derived therefrom – A review

Abstract

Catalytic graphitization as a simple, scalable method for a bottom-up approach to the production of high-quality graphene is presented. The product is then converted into graphene laced with graphene quantum dots. In brief, the method involves dissolution of precursor carbon forms such as petroleum coke in a molten metal like iron to produce a saturated solution of carbon. The molten mass teeming with individual carbon atoms then bond themselves into honeycomb-structured graphite, which is thermodynamically the most stable form of carbon. The conversion of disconnected carbon atoms to graphitic forms is aided by catalytic graphitization by iron as the melt is slowly cooled. Upon cooling, the light graphitic precursors float on the molten mass, which may be skimmed out with a ladle. This product is found to be highly pure forms of single-, bi- and few-layer graphenes. The graphene may be further processed to yield quantum dots.