Abstract
Olive mill wastewater is a challenging effluent, especially due to its toxicity related to the presence of phenolic compounds. Fenton’s process was analysed on the abatement of phenolic acids typically found in this kind of effluents. To overcome the main drawback of Fenton’s process, a waste from the aluminium industry commonly called red mud was used as a heterogeneous source of iron. The adsorption of simulated effluent on the red mud was negligible. Therefore, the degradation of phenolic acids during Fenton’s process was due to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. The amount of red mud and hydrogen peroxide were optimized regarding phenolic acids degradation. The optimal conditions leading to the highest removal of contaminants (100% of phenolic acids degradation and 25% of mineralization after 60 min of reaction) were 1 g/L of catalyst and 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide. The possibility of recovering treated water for agricultural purposes was evaluated by assessing the toxic impact over a wide range of species. The toxicity observed for the treated samples was mainly related to the residual hydrogen peroxide remaining after treatment.
Highlights
IntroductionAgro-industries, such as olive mills, are a relevant economic sector in the Mediterranean Sea area
Agro-industries, such as olive mills, are a relevant economic sector in the Mediterranean Sea area.This region has an important role in the production of olive oil as it accounts for almost 95% of the worldwide production [1]
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of RM are shown in Figure 1a,b, with individual particles extending from the XRD studies (Figure 1e) shows that the prevailing phases in the red mud waste are hematite nanometer to sub-micrometer range, and tending to form agglomerates with sizes in the range 1–10 μm
Summary
Agro-industries, such as olive mills, are a relevant economic sector in the Mediterranean Sea area This region has an important role in the production of olive oil as it accounts for almost 95% of the worldwide production [1]. OMW can be characterized by high pollutant load (g L−1 ): chemical oxygen demand(COD) 45–180, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) 25–100, total solids 24–120, mineral solids 5–15, total phenolics 2–15, fat 0.5–1.0 and pH 4.0–5.2 [3]. The treatment of those effluents is a priority to environmental preservation and water recovery [4].
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