Abstract
The pyrolysis of almond shell as a biomass feedstock was performed in order to obtain a bio-based feedstock for bio-refineries in a fixed-bed reactor under inert atmosphere (occurred by N2 gas) at certain experimental conditions including 500 °C of temperature and a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. Then, the catalytic cracking of obtained pyrolytic liquid was conducted by using bentonite clay as a low-cost catalyst material at the conditions of 400 °C of temperature, a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 and catalyst ratio of 30 wt%. The upgraded bio-oil revealed the properties of a basic fuel including 4.01 cSt of viscosity at the temperature of 40 °C; approximately 45.22% lower than that of non-upgraded bio-oil, low density of 1100.78 kg m−3 at 15.6 °C, H/C molar ratio of 1.413 and calorific value (HHV) of 26.92 MJ kg−1. The results of the chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of the obtained bio-oils have revealed that the presence of bentonite clay led to a considerable increase in some organic compound groups such as phenolic, ketones, and oxygenated aromatics.
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