Abstract
Catalysts fully derived from waste materials in order to make sustainable chemical reactions have been a recent topic of interest. Calcined (900°C, 2h) calcium oxide (CaO) sourced from waste mud crab shells and cockleshells were mixed in a 1:1 mass ratio to be used for transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) at 5wt.% catalyst and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 13:1 for 3h at methanol refluxing temperature to give 98% conversion. Then, boiler ash (BA) from agricultural waste was used to transesterify WCO at 3wt.% catalyst and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 for 0.5h at methanol refluxing temperature to give 89% conversion. In order to reduce the reaction time (for CaO-catalyzed reaction) and to increase the conversion (for BA-catalyzed reaction) various amounts of BA were added to 5wt.% of mixed CaO and optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimized conditions predicted by CCD were found to be 3.39wt.% boiler ash, with a reaction time of 32.3min and a conversion of 99.5%. The predicted results agree with the experimental results (3wt.% boiler ash, reaction time of 30min with 99% conversion).
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