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Abstract
A simple catalyst-assisted electrochemical deposition technique has been implemented to control the particle size of polypyrrole in the range of 5 to 10 nm embedded on graphene sheets, in which the nanocomposite will be used as a supercapacitor electrode material. The polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposite resulting from this approach maximizes the pseudocapacitive contribution of redox-active polypyrrole and electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) contributed by individual graphene sheets. Specific capacitance, as high as 797.6 F g−1 is obtained when 1.0 mM of FeCl3 catalyst is added to the deposition solution, which is approximately four times higher than that of polypyrrole film and 2.6 times higher than that of polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposite in the absence of catalyst. This increase is attributed to the controlled particle size of polypyrrole growth on individual graphene sheets, which prevents the overlapping of graphene sheets. This gives rise to a highly open structure, which provides an easier access of electrolyte within the matrix of the nanocomposite film. A fabricated symmetric supercapacitor device yields a specific capacitance of 463.15 F g−1 and capacitance retention of 77.7% over 10 000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1. The nanocomposite serves as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors.
Highlights
Graphene (GR) is a monolayer of sp[2] hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice with a host of unusual properties,[1,2] and emerges as a highly promising material for various applications.[3,4,5,6,7] Graphene oxide (GO), obtained by oxidizing graphite with a strong oxidizer, whose basal planes and edges are rich with oxide-functional groups, has recently attracted signi cant interest
Interest has developed in using PPy as an electrode material for supercapacitors owing to the ease of preparation, stability at ambient conditions and relatively high conductivity[10,11,12,13] and is considered as one of the most promising electrode materials
When pyrrole monomers are present in the aqueous suspension, the GO can be reduced to GR forming PPy/GR nanocomposite at positive potential, which has been explained in detail in a previous study.[30]
Summary
Graphene (GR) is a monolayer of sp[2] hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice with a host of unusual properties,[1,2] and emerges as a highly promising material for various applications.[3,4,5,6,7] Graphene oxide (GO), obtained by oxidizing graphite with a strong oxidizer, whose basal planes and edges are rich with oxide-functional groups, has recently attracted signi cant interest. Several methods were used for the synthesis of PPy/GR nanocomposite as supercapacitor electrode, including in situ chemical oxidation polymerization,[19,26,27] electropolymerisation,[28,29,30] liquid/liquid interfacial polymerization.[31] To the best of our knowledge, the catalyst-assisted electrochemical deposition method has not been previously reported for the synthesis of nanocomposite, and it only had been reported to control the particle size and morphology of PPy lm.[32] In this study, nano-size PPy particles are homogeneously decorated onto individual GR sheets as a result of chemical polymerization-potentiostatic process These PPy nanoparticles, which acted as spacers to prevent the restacking of individual GR sheets, could only be materialized in the presence of FeCl3 as a catalyst to control the size and uniform dispersion of PPy on GR. The catalyst-assisted polypyrrole/graphene (C-PPy/GR) nanocomposite approach realizes a unique threedimensional open structure, which facilitates the diffusion of electrolyte, resulting in impressive electrochemical properties
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