Catalyst-free diboration and silaboration of alkenes and alkynes using bis(9-heterofluorenyl)s.

Abstract

Diboration and silaboration reactions are prominent tools to introduce valuable functional groups into organic substrates. To date, most diboranes(4) and silylboranes used for this purpose are electronically and/or kinetically stabilized and require activation by a catalyst. We show here that the tetraaryl (μ-hydrido)diborane(4) anion [3]- and the silyl (hydrido)borate ([4]-)/Me3SiBr system react spontaneously with the archetypal olefin ethylene in the absence of a catalyst. The actual active species in both cases are the valence isoelectronic intermediates [FluB-B(H)Flu]- ([1]-) and FluB-Si(H)Flu (2), which consist of two 9-heterofluorenyl halves that get attached to the 1 and 2 positions of ethylene. At room temperature, [1]- is present in a dynamic equilibrium with its isolable isomer [3]-, while 2 has to be released in situ at low temperatures by H- abstraction from [4]-. Quantum-chemical calculations show qualitatively identical reaction mechanisms for [1]- and 2. Since the reactions start with π coordination of the ethylene molecule to a vacant B(pz) orbital, the high Lewis acidity and low steric hindrance of the 9-borafluorenyl fragments are the keys to success. As the reaction proceeds, back-donation from the B-E bond into the ethylene π* orbital becomes increasingly important (E = B, Si). The scope of the reactions has been extended to tBu(H)C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2 and tBuC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH on the one hand and FluB-Si(Cl)Flu as well as FluB-Si(Cl)Ph2 on the other.