Catabolism of fluorene through 2,3-dihydroxy indanone in Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6

Abstract

A fluorene-degrading bacterium Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6, capable of catabolizing 75% of fluorene (280 mg l−1) in 24 h, was isolated from PAHs contaminated soil. The metabolites formed were characterized by GC and GC–HRMS. The involvement of relevant enzymes, namely, fluorene mono-oxygenase, 9-hydroxyfluorene dehydrogenase, phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase was demonstrated. Based on these results and metabolite-feeding experiments we propose a putative fluorene catabolic pathway in PRNK-6. The pathway for fluorene in strain PRNK-6 is: Fluorene → 9-fluorenol → 9-fluorenone → 1,2-dihydroxy-9-fluorenone → 2,3-dihydroxy indanone → 2-carboxybenzaldehyde → phthalate. Phthalate is catabolized through two pathways. One pathway involves the sequential conversion of phthalate to 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate and protocatechuate. In the second pathway phthalate is decarboxylated to benzoate, which is further converted to 4-hydroxybenzoate, protocatechuate and catechol sequentially. In either case, dead end products have not accumulated.