Casimir free energy for massive scalars: A comparative study of various approaches

Abstract

We compute the Casimir thermodynamic quantities for a massive real scalar field between two parallel plates with the Dirichlet boundary conditions, using three different general approaches and present explicit solutions for each. The Casimir thermodynamic quantities include the Casimir Helmholtz free energy, pressure, energy, and entropy. The three general approaches that we use are based on the fundamental definition of Casimir thermodynamic quantities, the analytic continuation method, and the zero temperature subtraction method. Within the analytic continuation approach, we use two distinct methods which are based on the utilization of the zeta function and the Schlömilch summation formula. We include the renormalized versions of the latter two approaches as well, whereas the first approach does not require one. Within each general approach, we obtain the same results in a few different ways to ascertain the selected cancellations of infinities have been done correctly. We show that, as expected, the results based on the zeta function and the Schlömilch summation formula are equivalent. We then do a comparative study of the three different general approaches and their results and show that they are in principle not equivalent to each other, and they yield equivalent results only in the massless case. In particular, we show that the Casimir energy calculated only by the first approach has all three properties of going to zero as the temperature, mass of the field or the distance between the plates increases. Moreover, we show that in this approach the Casimir entropy reaches a positive constant in the high temperature limit, which can explain the linear term in the Casimir free energy. We use the results obtained by the fundamental approach as our reference for the correct results.