Testing Bell–CHSH inequalities using topological Aharonov–Casher and He–McKellar–Wilkens phases

Abstract

The effects of Aharonov–Casher (AC) and He–McKellar–Wilkens (HMW) phases on entangled spin-1/2 quantum systems are investigated. We use linear charge distributions positioned at the center of resulting closed orbits, capitalizing on Mach Zender-type interferometers modified with phase retarders to unveil the topological effects. We analyze how AC-HMW phases influence the Bell angles and maximal violation of Bell–CHSH inequalities (BI) without any classical interaction. We incorporate the spin and path of particles in the interferometers as observables to test noncontextual hidden variable theories against quantum mechanics, leveraging the non-local features of AC-HMW effects. Furthermore, we discuss potential implementations of our scheme in physical systems.