Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has taken more than 2 million lives on a global scale. Over 10 million people were confirmed with COVID-19 infection. The well-known spot of primary infection includes the lungs and the respiratory system. Recently it has been reported that the cardiovascular system and coagulation mechanisms were the second major targets of biological system affected due to the viral replication. The replication mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 involves the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2- (ACE2) surface receptors of endothelial cells belonging to various organs which act as the binding site for the viral spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 virus has been recently listed as a primary risk factor for the following cardiovascular conditions such as pericarditis, myocarditis, arrhythmias, myocardial injury, cardiac arrest, heart failure and coagulation abnormalities in the patients confirmed with COVID-19 viral infection. Direct and indirect type of tissue damage were the two major categories detected with cardiovascular abnormalities. Direct myocardial cell injury and indirect damage to the myocardial cell due to inflammation were clinically reported. Few drugs were clinically administered to regulate the vital biological mechanism along with symptomatic treatment and supportive therapy.
Highlights
COVID-19 virus has created a global pandemic situation that had never seen by the world when compared to the other major infectious outbreaks. 2,244,713 patients were died due to COVID 19 based on the World health organization (WHO) report dated on 03.02.2021 [1]
Injured host cells belonging to the upper gastrointestinal tract (GI), heart, lungs, and kidney were detected in a dead patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus [21, 22]
Compared to adults, aged persons were prone to more complications and severity of cardiac conditions due to COVID-19 infection
Summary
COVID-19 virus has created a global pandemic situation that had never seen by the world when compared to the other major infectious outbreaks. 2,244,713 patients were died due to COVID 19 based on the World health organization (WHO) report dated on 03.02.2021 [1]. Based on the clinical reports this virus mainly invades the respiratory system, the second major area of infection were recently recorded to be the cardiovascular system and blood coagulation mechanism. Other target areas include the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, and organs representing endothelial cell with ACE2 surface marker [2]. The severity of these viral infections involves various factors including age groups, gender specificity, comorbid such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, suppressed immune system etc. SARS-CoV-2 acts as a risk factor for developing the following cardiac abnormalities clinically reported until 2020 which includes Myocarditis, pericarditis, myocardial injury [MI], arrhythmias, and abnormal coagulation mechanism and these conditions were manifested asymptomatically in few cases [4]. The death rate due to cardiac abnormalities was reported to be high in patients especially with myocardial injury indicated with an escalated level of troponin exhibiting a short life span
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