Cardiovascular disease burden and risk factor management in cancer survivors: insights from a large-scale East London cohort

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Improvements in cancer survival have led to an urgent need to address long-term health issues among survivors, notably increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Shared risk factors may underpin at least part of this excess risk. Aims To investigate differences in cardiovascular risk profile between cancer survivors and controls; and to assesses the management of hypertension and statin use among cancer survivors compared with controls in a multi-ethnic and socio-economically diverse population. Methods The data were obtained from electronic health records of 1.2 million people registered with general practices in East London. It provides a snapshot of health records at the time of data extraction (01/01/2023). We identify individuals with record of past cancer (grouped into 20 cancer types) and their cardiovascular profile. Each cancer-exposed patient was age- and sex-matched to four non-cancer comparators. Multivariable logistic regression, with extensive adjustment for demographic and health-related variables, was used to elucidate the independent associations of past cancer with a range of cardiovascular outcomes. Patterns of guideline-directed risk factor control among cancer patients with hypertension and ischaemic CVDs (vs non-cancer controls) were assessed. Results The study consisted of 18,839 cancer survivors and 75,356 matched controls (64±15 years, 43% male), with marked ethnic diversity (cancer survivors: 48% White, 24% Black and 22% Asian) and socio-economic deprivation. Compared to matched controls, patients with past cancer had a higher prevalence of hypertension (44% vs. 41%) and chronic kidney disease (18% vs. 14%). We observed a higher prevalence of CVDs including venous thromboembolism (VTE) (5.6% vs. 2.8%), atrial fibrillation (AF) (6.5% vs. 5%), and heart failure (HF) (4.4% vs. 3.4%) among cancer survivors. Regression models fully adjusted for shared risk factors demonstrated an increased risk of a range of CVDs in patients with (any) past cancer, including VTE (OR 2.01), HF (OR 1.31) and AF (OR 1.27). CVD risk varied across cancer types (Figure 1). For example, lung cancer survivors had an elevated risk of VTE (OR 4.02), AF (OR 2.47), IHD (OR 1.45) and peripheral artery disease (OR 1.67) while colorectal cancer survivors had increased risks of VTE (OR 2.68), HF (OR 1.4) and AF (OR 1.32). In subgroup analyses, control of blood pressure and cholesterol did not differ significantly across cancer survivors and matched controls with hypertension and ischaemic CVDs, respectively. Conclusion We show higher burden of VRFs and an increased risk of CVDs among cancer survivors compared with non-cancer controls, with notable variation across cancer types. The lack of difference in control of blood pressure and cholesterol between cancer survivors and controls suggests that these risk factors did not explain the increased risk. Suggesting that an individualised approach to risk management is likely to be warranted.Risk of CVDs in Cancer Survivors