Cardiovascular benefits of moderate exercise: A comprehensive review of molecular and physiological mechanisms

Abstract

This comprehensive review examines the cardiovascular benefits of moderate exercise, exploring the molecular and physiological mechanisms through which it reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The study aimed to identify the specific ways in which moderate exercise improves cardiovascular health, focusing on key factors such as endothelial function, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis. A thorough review of existing literature was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and impact of moderate exercise compared to other intensities. The findings highlight that moderate exercise optimizes cardiovascular health by enhancing nitric oxide production, reducing oxidative stress, and improving autonomic function, while also lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Additionally, moderate exercise was shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, crucial for mitigating chronic conditions like atherosclerosis and diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. The review concludes that while high-intensity exercise offers rapid fitness improvements, moderate exercise is more accessible, safer, and sustainable for a broad population. Furthermore, it presents a promising non-pharmacological intervention for CVD prevention. Future research should explore individual variability in exercise responses, the role of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ, and the interaction between exercise and the gut microbiome. The study emphasizes the need for personalized exercise prescriptions and further investigation into the long-term benefits of exercise to optimize public health strategies. Keywords: Moderate Exercise, Cardiovascular Disease, Endothelial Function, Inflammation, Lipid Metabolism, Exercise Prescription.