Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a class of specific ligands of the Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA). NKA is a P-type ATPase that is ubiquitously expressed and although well known to be responsible for the maintenance of the cell electrochemical gradient through active transport, NKA can also act as a signal transducer in the presence of CTS. Inflammation, in addition to importantly driving organism defense and survival mechanisms, can also modulate NKA activity and memory formation, as well as being relevant to many chronic illnesses, neurodegenerative diseases, and mood disorders. The aim of the current review is to highlight the recent advances as to the role of CTS and NKA in inflammatory process, with a particular focus in the central nervous system.
Highlights
Inflammation is an important contributor to the protection of the organism against injuries and in the maintenance of homeostasis [1], as well as being relevant in the central nervous system (CNS) to a number of key processes, including memory formation [2]
This article reviews the literature addressing Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) effects in immune modulation, with a particular emphasis on effects in the CNS. This is of some importance as a growing body of data indicates a significant role for central inflammatory processes in the etiology and course of many neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders
NKA activity can be modulated by different stimuli, with consequences for the neuro-inflammatory processes that are present in all neurodegenerative diseases [39] (Figure 1)
Summary
Ana Maria Orellana† , Paula Fernanda Kinoshita† , Jacqueline Alves Leite† , Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto and Cristoforo Scavone*. Reviewed by: Juhyun Song, Yonsei University College of Medicine, South Korea Robert Tsushima, York University, Canada. Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are a class of specific ligands of the Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA). NKA is a P-type ATPase that is ubiquitously expressed and well known to be responsible for the maintenance of the cell electrochemical gradient through active transport, NKA can act as a signal transducer in the presence of CTS. Inflammation, in addition to importantly driving organism defense and survival mechanisms, can modulate NKA activity and memory formation, as well as being relevant to many chronic illnesses, neurodegenerative diseases, and mood disorders. The aim of the current review is to highlight the recent advances as to the role of CTS and NKA in inflammatory process, with a particular focus in the central nervous system
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