Cardiomyopathies: An Overview.

Tiziana Ciarambino,Mauro Giordano,Giovanni Menna,Gennaro Sansone

doi:10.3390/ijms22147722

Abstract

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by structural and functional alterations of the heart. Aims: The purpose of this narrative review is to focus on the most important cardiomyopathies and their epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Methods: Clinical trials were identified by Pubmed until 30 March 2021. The search keywords were “cardiomyopathies, sudden cardiac arrest, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARCV), takotsubo syndrome”. Results: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common primary cardiomyopathy, with a prevalence of 1:500 persons. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has a prevalence of 1:2500 and is the leading indication for heart transplantation. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common of the major cardiomyopathies, representing 2% to 5% of cases. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARCV) is a pathology characterized by the substitution of the myocardium by fibrofatty tissue. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is defined as an abrupt onset of left ventricular dysfunction in response to severe emotional or physiologic stress. Conclusion: In particular, it has been reported that HCM is the most important cause of sudden death on the athletic field in the United States. It is needless to say how important it is to know which changes in the heart due to physical activity are normal, and when they are pathological.

Highlights

IntroductionCardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by structural and functional alterations of the heart [1]
The recently proposed MOGE(S) nosology system embodies all of these characteristics, and describes the morphofunctional phenotype (M), organ(s) involvement (O), genetic inheritance pattern (G), etiological annotation (E), including genetic defect or underlying disease/substrate, and the functional status (S)
It has been reported that Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most important cause of sudden death on the athletic field in the United States [72]

Summary

Introduction

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by structural and functional alterations of the heart [1]. The recently proposed MOGE(S) nosology system embodies all of these characteristics, and describes the morphofunctional phenotype (M), organ(s) involvement (O), genetic inheritance pattern (G), etiological annotation (E), including genetic defect or underlying disease/substrate, and the functional status (S). Of the disease using both the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage and New York Heart Association functional class. Dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the main causes of heart failure [3,4]. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiomyopathy due to mutations in numerous genes. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a heart-muscle disease characterized by stiffness of the ventricular walls leading to diastolic dysfunction, raised end-diastolic pressure, and dilated atria [1].

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