Abstract
BackgroundCardamom is a well-known spice in Indian subcontinent, used in culinary and traditional medicine practices since ancient times. The current investigation was untaken to evaluate the potential benefit of cardamom powder supplementation in high carbohydrate high fat (HCHF) diet induced obese rats.MethodMale Wistar rats (28 rats) were divided into four different groups such as Control, Control + cardamom, HCHF, HCHF + cardamom. High carbohydrate and high fat (HCHF) diet was prepared in our laboratory. Oral glucose tolerance test, organs wet weight measurements and oxidative stress parameters analysis as well as liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were assayed on the tissues collected from the rats. Plasma lipids profiles were also measured in all groups of animals. Moreover, histological staining was also performed to evaluate inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis in liver.ResultsThe current investigation showed that, HCHF diet feeding in rats developed glucose intolerance and increased peritoneal fat deposition compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation improved the glucose intolerance significantly (p > 0.05) and prevented the abdominal fat deposition in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also developed dyslipidemia, increased fat deposition and inflammation in liver compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation significantly prevented the rise of lipid parameters (p > 0.05) in HCHF diet fed rats. Histological assessments confirmed that HCHF diet increased the fat deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration in liver which was normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Furthermore, HCHF diet increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and increased advanced protein oxidation product level significantly (p > 0.05) both in plasma and liver tissue which were modulated by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also increased the ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities in plasma which were also normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Moreover, cardamom powder supplementation ameliorated the fibrosis in liver of HCHF diet fed rats.ConclusionThis study suggests that, cardamom powder supplementation can prevent dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and hepatic damage in HCHF diet fed rats.
Highlights
Cardamom is a well-known spice in Indian subcontinent, used in culinary and traditional medicine practices since ancient times
Histological assessments confirmed that high carbohydrate high fat (HCHF) diet increased the fat deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration in liver which was normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats
HCHF diet feeding in rats increased the alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activities in plasma which were normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats
Summary
Cardamom is a well-known spice in Indian subcontinent, used in culinary and traditional medicine practices since ancient times. The most common causes of obesity is excess dietary energy intake [3]. Other causes of this metabolic imbalance are western style diet, high fat and sugar, together with a sedentary lifestyle. When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, excessive cellular lipid accumulation occurs in adipose tissue and in ectopic tissues such as liver [4]. Excessive ectopic lipid deposition often disrupts normal cellular and physiological function, which if allowed to proceed unchecked, will lead to pathological progression [5]. With the progress of obesity, increased hepatic lipogenesis and serum fatty acid lead to excess accumulation of liver lipid which result in fatty liver, impaired liver function, and eventually liver failure [6]
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