Carbon-rich substrates altered microbial communities with indication of carbon metabolism functional shifting in a degraded salt marsh of the Yellow River Delta, China

Abstract

Coastal salt marshes have been significantly suffering degradation worldwide, turning these wetlands from carbon sink to carbon source. The additions of carbon-rich substrates in degraded coastal wetlands have been documented to alleviate this situation; however, the microbial responses as well as their carbon metabolisms to the input are not well explored. Here, we investigated the effects of different addition levels (0.1%, 1%, and 3%) of reed straw and biochar addition on microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) and predicted functions of carbon metabolism in degraded coastal salt marshes. The effects of the carbon-rich substrates on microbial communities are more pronounced under 3% of reed straw and biochar than other levels, straw increased opportunistic bacteria (e.g., Bacillus and Cellvibrionaceae) and biochar increased low carbon turnover bacteria (e.g., Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria). The addition of higher doses of reed straw and biochar promoted the carbon metabolism of soil bacteria as predicted by the PICRUSt 2. Interestingly, the addition of reed straw increased the abundance involved in fungal carbon metabolism, but this was not the case for the biochar input. The addition of reed straw and biochar promoted the growth of some bacteria (e.g., Rhizobiales and Bacillus) that are beneficial to plant growth, and decreased some fungal pathogen (e.g., Magnaporthaceae and Phaeosphaeria). Our findings revealed that the carbon-rich substrates addition can reshape the microbial structure and shift their carbon metabolisms, specially, biochar has a higher potential to improve the ecosystem services, such as blue carbon sequestration, of these degraded coastal salt marshes.