Abstract
In the light of recent developments regarding electric vehicle market share, we assess the carbon footprint and water footprint of electric vehicles and provide a comparative analysis of energy use from the grid to charge electric vehicle batteries in the Czech Republic. The analysis builds on the electricity generation forecast for the Czech Republic for 2015–2050. The impact of different sources of electricity supply on carbon and water footprints were analyzed based on electricity generation by source for the period. Within the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the carbon footprint was calculated using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the water footprint was determined by the Water Scarcity method. The computational LCA model was provided by the SimaPro v. 8.5 package with the Ecoinvent v. 3 database. The functional unit of study was running an electric vehicle over 100 km. The system boundary covered an electric vehicle life cycle from cradle to grave. For the analysis, we chose a vehicle powered by a lithium-ion battery with assumed consumption 19.9 kWh/100 km. The results show that electricity generated to charge electric vehicle batteries is the main determinant of carbon and water footprints related to electric vehicles in the Czech Republic. Another important factor is passenger car production. Nuclear power is the main determinant of the water footprint for the current and future electric vehicle charging, while, currently, lignite and hard coal are the main determinants of carbon footprint.
Highlights
The Czech Republic (CR) is located in Central Europe
IPCC 2013 is the successor of the IPCC 2007 method, which was developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
To establish the determinants of the carbon footprint and water footprint of electric vehicles, an analysis of the environmental impacts of factors contained in the system boundary was carried out
Summary
The Czech Republic (CR) is located in Central Europe. The. CR is one of the most developed and industrialized economies in Central and Eastern Europe. The automotive industry in the CR is an important sector of the national economy. Republic), Tatra (nowadays called Tatra Truck, a.s., Koprivnice, Czech Republic), Karosa Ivecobus included in CNH Industrial, Vysoke Myto, Czech Republic), and Avia S.r.o., a part of Czechoslovak Holding, Prague, Czech Republic) are some examples. International companies such as Hyundai, Toyota, and PSA Peugeot Citroën have their manufacturing subsidiaries there too
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