Abstract
Carbon farming is a capable strategy for more sustainable production of food and other related products. It seeks to produce a diverse array of natural farming methods and marketable products simultaneously. According to the food and agriculture organization (FAO), agriculture, forestry, and other land-use practices account for 24% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and total global livestock emissions of 7.1 gigatons of CO2-equivalent per year, representing 14.5% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions. For example, an agroforestry system that deliberately integrates trees and crops with livestock in agricultural production could potentially increase carbon sequestration and decrease GHG emissions from terrestrial ecosystems, thus helping to mitigate global climatic change. Also, agroforestry is capable of generating huge amounts of bio-mass and is believed to be particularly suitable for replenishing soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is a crucial indicator for soil fertility since the change in SOC can explain whether the land use pattern degrades or improves soil fertility. Moreover, SOC found in soil in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) helps to improve soil health either directly or indirectly. Thus, efforts should be made to convince farmers to increase their resource-use efficiency and soil conserving ability to get maximum benefits from agriculture. Therefore, this review aimed at clarification about carbon farming, modifications in carbon cycle and carbon sequestration during agricultural development, and benefits of agroforestry.
Highlights
Novel approaches to cropping systems and soil management are being developed to cope with the abundance of CO2 in the environment, while at the same time improving water use efficiency and soil quality
Agroforestry has developed as an all-inclusive land-use management practice beneficial for both environment and the society
Silvo-pastoral system was generally found to be more effective in relation to both carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction as compared to the agroforestry system which includes annual cropland farming
Summary
Novel approaches to cropping systems and soil management are being developed to cope with the abundance of CO2 in the environment, while at the same time improving water use efficiency and soil quality. Manipulated by land management activities, organic matter is found in most of the agricultural settings. As organic matter increases the ability to retain water and strengthens the soil structure [7,8], it increases agricultural productivity along with the environment's resistance to drought and disease while simultaneously reducing the costs and the impact of epidemics [9,10]. It is widely accepted that various governments employ measures to curb this practice and incentivize the use of ecologically sustainable methods Another government project is the implementation of environmental policies that attempt to maintain a low carbon footprint. If biomass was sourced from fossil fuels, CO2 pollution per unit would be lowered due to the CO2 that is recycled and reused by algae [25]
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