Abstract
The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.
Highlights
The current increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be substantially reversed to mitigate climate change and prevent global temperatures from rising beyond the 2 ◦ C target [1].Currently, global GHG emissions are attributed mainly to energy, while the remaining are due to agriculture, land-use change and forestry, and industrial processes and waste [2]
It is worth noting that most of the CCEP studies considered only one approach to energy planning for specific applications, while this study considers three different approaches: the first is the graphical approach of Carbon Emission Pinch Analysis (CEPA), the second is the algebraic approach implementing a cascade analysis technique, and the third is the optimization-based approach, applying a transportation model [13]
Thefactors third defined;sources they are arranged into emission intervals emission approach deals with two aluminum products and considers two cases: the case where electricity is pinched for each product, and the hypothetical case where only one Pinch exists for both products
Summary
The current increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be substantially reversed to mitigate climate change and prevent global temperatures from rising beyond the 2 ◦ C target [1]. Quin et al [37] investigated product-based CCEP focused on energy-emission planning for the methanol production industry in. It is worth noting that most of the CCEP studies considered only one approach to energy planning for specific applications, while this study considers three different approaches: the first is the graphical approach of CEPA, the second is the algebraic approach implementing a cascade analysis technique, and the third is the optimization-based approach, applying a transportation model [13]. CCEP techniques provide support in planning for more sustainable production of industrial products They can be used to optimize the energy supply mix based on carbon emission constraints subject to economic and other environmental constraints, except for carbon footprint and the like.
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