Carbon emissions and in-building open public spaces: a case study on hypothetical building models in Shanghai

Development of an automated estimator of life-cycle carbon emissions for residential buildings: A case study in Nanjing, China

This study addressed factors influencing public open space vandalisation trends and transmutation roots in South-eastern Nigeria. To achieve the aim of the study, the research considered: public open space vandalisation and reasons for vandalising public recreational open spaces. The research adopted field investigations method via case study approach which involved descriptive survey research design through field observation, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were employed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study demonstrated that urban indifference and insensitivity contributed marginally to public recreational open space vandalisation and conversion in the sampled urban areas. Besides, vandalisation contributed immensely to increased loss of interest in public recreation as a result leads to disregard of public recreational open spaces. This prompted a high rate of conversion of public recreational spaces in South-Eastern Nigeria as the management abandoned some of the recreational spaces, with dissuading costs like obesity, boredom and insomnia. To resolve these abnormally, there is the need to engage in spatial services to both monitor and predict future occurrences in the management of public recreational open spaces in South-eastern Nigeria. Besides, the private sector should be encouraged to invest in open space operations in the sampled states. Key Word: Vandalisation, Public Open Space Management, Recreation, Open Space Conversion, Conversion Root

Environment through the provision of parks and green open spaces (RTH), is carried out area and number of residents spread across the Jambi. urban areas is very necessary. Parks are needed to maintain land availability, as water catchment areas, which can play a role in helping water absorption, so that the supply of water in the ground (water saving) increases and reduces the potential for flooding, by reducing the amount of water runoff. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with research from the Jambi City Statistics Center (BPS). The research was carried out in the Administrative Region of Jambi City. The results of the analysis provision of public green space based on the area need for public green open space in Jambi City is 3,617.50 ha. The available public open space area is around 779.02 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in the area of 2,838.48 ha, and the provision of public green open space based on population according to Minister of Public Works Regulation Number. 5 of 2008 it can be seen that the need for a park area in Jambi City is 1,243.70 ha. The available garden area is approximately 188,388.27 m2 or 18.84 ha. Based on these results, there is a difference in area shortage of 1,224.86 ha. Jambi City over the past 13 years (2020-2033) Some strategies Increasing the area of public open space in fulfilling intrinsic and extrinsic functions, socializing the availability of green space functions for life and the environment and Spatial planning that is equal to 20% for public open space from the total area of the city. The area of green open space in Jambi City is only 779.02 ha and is very far from the area of Jambi City which is ± 20,538 ha.

To survive and be sustainable, urban villages certainly face big challenges due to the dynamics of development and changes occurring in a form of need in planned open space settlements due to the need for meeting places and joint activities in the open air. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in open public spaces. As a form of need in open space settlements that are planned because of the need for meeting places and joint activities in open spaces. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in these open public spaces. Spatial circulation occurs due to activities and series of activities that form pathways and connect existing activities. The circulation geometry with which it accommodates and the combination of several paths will form a configuration of the t activities that are traversed. Open space is a public place where people carry out routine and functional activities that bind a community, both in the normal routine of daily life and in periodic celebrations. Public space is generally defined as a physical and visible place in the city or wherever we gather. As the third room, a special place outside the home or office where people can gather. Open space which is always located outside the mass of the building that can be utilized and used by everyone and provides opportunities to carry out various activities. As a form of need in open space settlements that are planned because of the need for meeting places and joint activities in open spaces. With joint meetings and relationships between people, it is likely that various kinds of activities will arise in these open public spaces. Spatial circulation occurs due to activities and series of activities that form pathways and connect existing activities. The development of urban areas as centers of economic and governmental activity has triggered an increase in the need for space. Until the 1960s Kampung Keling was still dominated by the Tamil community, after that they gradually sold their land to the Chinese community. In the 1970s this residential area developed into the most elite commercial area in Medan City.

A study of the experience of developing open public spaces in cities has made it possible to identify common features of their functional and spatial organization. The organization of any open public space in cities is based on specific principles by which it is formed: general principles, as well as special principles. The theoretical and practical experience of organizing open public spaces in cities is analyzed, on the basis of which the common features of their functional and spatial organization are derived. The importance of forming an open public space of cities is shown by deriving specific principles of its organization. The principle of "functional diversity" is to fill open public urban space with functions that can interest and satisfy the social needs of as many different groups of people as possible, regardless of their status, condition, or age. The principle of "functional diversity" is considered in detail, and the techniques that reveal it are identified. The author lists which of the general and special principles of organization of open public spaces in cities can be identified using the techniques discussed in the article. On the example of the project implemented by the author, recommendations are given for the organization of open public spaces in cities based on techniques that reveal the principle of "functional diversity". The relevance of the issue of deriving specific principles for the organization of open public spaces in cities (in particular, the principle of "functional diversity" and the techniques that reveal it) is due to the need for methodological and practical recommendations on the physical and functional content of various types of open public spaces in cities for their activation, attraction of people and comfortable stay in them, taking into account the world experience of their functional and spatial organization.

Carbon emissions from various natural gas end-use sectors for 31 Chinese provinces between 2017 and 2021

Since the construction industry is one of China’s high carbon emission industries, to achieve China’s carbon neutrality target by 2060, CO2 emissions in cold regions must be reduced. At the same time, forests have excellent carbon sequestration abilities, so this paper takes residential buildings in severely cold regions as the object of carbon emission reduction research. A model of a two-story building in Changchun was constructed, and the life-cycle carbon emissions of reinforced concrete and wood structures were measured using the life-cycle evaluation method as the basis for calculation and simulation with DesignBuilderVer.7 software. The results show that the life-cycle carbon emission of a wood structure house is 61.46 t less than that of a reinforced concrete house, and the life-cycle carbon emission reduction rate of a wood structure house is 43.39%. Based on the data, it has been proven that wooden structures effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions during the building life cycle while enhancing building performance, given the same structural conditions.

This study examined the costs and implications of public recreational open space conversion in South-eastern Nigeria. The study considered the educational status of respondents of the sampled Communities and the costs of public open space conversion in the sampled areas of South-eastern Nigeria as the key objectives. The research adopted the field investigations method via case study approach which involved descriptive survey research design through field observation, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. Quantitative and qualitative data research methods were employed using descriptive and inferential statistics. It was astonishing to discover that the level of interest in recreation and open space activities in the areas under investigation nears zero although the level of education and awareness of recreational facilities is on the increase. Also, there is an increase in environmental costs as a result of the conversion of public recreational open space in South-eastern Nigeria. Costs of public open space conversion from the study area include low property values, increased social vices, loss of urban aesthetics, environmental insecurity and loss of employment opportunities. Public recreational open space conversion has resulted in environmental insecurity, making people more aggressive and antagonistic as a result of frustration and urban aggression which often accompanies insufficient nerves and brain relaxation for a well-directed thought and self-composition. There is therefore the need to make public spaces functional in order to attract increased value, aesthetics, employment, and decreased social vices and environmental insecurity. Therefore, up to 25% of every developable area should be reserved for recreational and open space activities. Keywords: Recreation, Open Space Conversion, Environmental Costs, Costs Implication, Public Open Space

Budget constraints are a common problem in Indonesian cities to provide attractive and attractive public open space. There is a need for cooperation between all parties, not only the government but also the private sector and society. These conditions encourage the Semarang City government to increase stakeholder collaboration in the provision of public green open space, one of which is in the development of Taman Indonesia Kaya. The purpose of this study is to examine the model of the collaboration process, the involvement and role of each stakeholder and the sustainability of collaboration. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods, data collection using observations and interviews on each stakeholder element, namely government, private and public. The results show that the collaboration process model starts from face to face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding between stakeholders until the realization of attractive and attractive public green open space development. However, the sustainability of collaboration is a big challenge going forward. The structure of cooperation is not yet supported by clear institutional design, so that government courage and innovation are needed to determine the form of structural governance in collaborative management of public green open space. Collaboration should be carried out over the long term and use a networked administrative organization model so that the network that is built is in an administrative entity. The model is expected to create efficiency management and support the sustainability of collaboration.

Planning and creating public open spaces has been influenced by the current focus on building sustainable cities that support its three pillars—economic, social, and environmental. However, the negative effects of expanding urbanization and the consequences of climate change have increased the possibility of disaster in cities and increased pressure on the path toward sustainable development. Public open spaces are often used as a strategy to enhance cities’ sustainability while using it as a mode to improve the quality of life, aesthetic beauty, environmental health, economic growth and to increase the walkability, live ability and vitality of cities. In order to mitigate the effects of disasters, it is also important to pay attention to how public green open space is managed in terms of governance, finances, rules, oversight, and human resources. Socialization of this activity is necessary so that the general public is aware of the purposes and advantages of having public green open space. In addition to serving as an environmental buffer, Probolinggo City's public green open space has the potential to be developed as a disaster mitigation model using a sustainable development approach, bringing benefits for the environment, education, infrastructure, economy, and socio-cultural aspects in line with the SDGs.

The effect of energy saving and carbon reduction in the building industry is closely related to the realization of China’s double carbon goal. In this study, a two-dimensional framework for building life cycle carbon emissions was established, which takes into account the early stages of building design such as the feasibility study stage and scheme design stage. Taking 57 residential buildings in Xi’an City as examples, the life cycle carbon emission characteristics of residential buildings in cold areas were introduced. This study found that the life cycle carbon emission intensity is about 45~55 kgCO2/(m2·a). The operation and maintenance stage and building materials production stage accounted for the largest proportion of carbon emissions, and the sum of carbon emissions of the two stages accounted for 92.3% of the total carbon emissions. In addition, based on the probability density function, the carbon emission intensity distributions of the building life cycle, building material production stage, building material transportation stage, and operation and maintenance stage were analyzed, and it was found that each distribution fitting graph was generally in line with a lognormal distribution, and their expected value provided a reference index for carbon emission pre-assessment in the feasibility study stage. Based on the analysis and determination of 11 independent variables that affect the total carbon emissions, such as area, floor number, story height, and number of households, a multiple linear regression model for carbon emission pre-assessment in the design stage of building schemes is proposed. The R2adj of the model is 0.985 and the error is about 10%. The prediction model can provide beneficial guidance for the life cycle carbon emission prediction in the design stage of building projects, so as to reduce carbon emissions by changing building design.

Optimal design of building envelope towards life cycle performance: Impact of considering dynamic grid emission factors

BackgroundLow physical activity levels and high levels of sedentary time among adolescents call for population wide interventions. Public open spaces can be important locations for adolescents’ physical activity. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, frequency and context of public open space visitation and to gain insight into the individual, social and physical environmental factors associated with public open space use among 12- to 16-year-old Flemish (Belgian) adolescents.MethodsGlobal positioning system devices, accelerometers and one-on-one interviews were used to measure location-specific activity levels, time spent at, reasons for using and accompaniment at public open spaces among 173 adolescents. Multilevel hurdle and gamma models were used to estimate the associations between the independent variables (age, gender, ethnicity, education, sport club membership and accompaniment) and the amount of time, sedentary time, light-, moderate- to vigorous- and vigorous-intensity physical activity at public open spaces.ResultsThree out of four participants had visited a public open space (for recreational purposes) and participants were most often accompanied by friends/classmates. Mainly public transportation stops/stations were used, and subsequently the most reported reason for public open space use was “to wait for something or someone”. Furthermore, boys, younger adolescents, non-western-European adolescents and lower educated adolescents were more likely to use public open spaces. Additionally, boys and younger adolescents were more likely to accumulate physical activity at public open spaces. The only social environmental variable associated with time spent at public open spaces was accompaniment by siblings: adolescents spent more time at public open spaces when accompanied by their siblings.ConclusionsPublic open spaces may be effective areas to promote physical activity among groups at risk for physical inactivity (i.e. low educated and non-western-European adolescents). Additionally, girls and older adolescents were less likely to visit and be physically active at public open spaces. Therefore, urban planners should consider adding attractive features, in order to encourage physical activity among girls and older adolescents at public open spaces. Furthermore, creating public open spaces that are attractive for youth of all ages could contribute to adolescents visiting public open spaces accompanied by siblings.

East Flood Canal is a canal built to handle flooding in the city of Jakarta. In addition to the canal flow as the main element, there are also borders on the left and right of the canal as supporting elements of the Banjir Kanal Timur. The border area of the Banjir Kanal Timur has the potential to be used as a green open space or public open space that helps increase the functional, ecological and aesthetic value of the city. The objective of this study is to provide input to optimize the Banjir Kanal Timur border as a public open space while still prioritizing the hydrological and ecological functions This research uses rationalistic and descriptive methods. Data was obtained through observation, interviews and theoretical data, established regulations. The research location was divided into several zones to facilitate analysis. From the results of this study it was found that the boundaries of Banjir kanal Timur can be utilized as a shared public green open space. The existing condition of its land use is still not optimal, does not have adequate facilities and infrastructure as a public area with recreational activities. Limitations of the study – From the results of this study it was found that the boundaries of the Banjir Kanal Timur can be mandated as a team or togetherness of public green spaces. The definition of a community is a social group that shares an environment with each other. This research uses community theory in developing public green open spaces on the banks of the Banjir Kanal Timur through the concept of inclusive landscape design.

Life cycle carbon emission calculation model of energy system in public buildings: A case study in Shanghai