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Abstract
In this work, carbon dot-decorated graphite carbon nitride composites (CDs/g-C3N4) were synthesized and innovatively used as a SPME coating for the sensitive determination of chlorobenzenes (CBs) from water samples, coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The CDs/g-C3N4 coating presented superior extraction performance in comparison to pristine g-C3N4, owing to the enhancement of active groups by CDs. The extraction capacities of as-prepared SPME coatings are higher than those of commercial coatings due to the functions of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing group binding, π–π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method exhibits a wide linearity range (0.25–2500 ng L−1), extremely low detection of limits (0.002–0.086 ng L−1), and excellent precision, with relative standard deviations of 5.3–9.7% for a single fiber and 7.5–12.6% for five fibers. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of CBs from real river water samples, with spiked recoveries ranging from 73.4 to 109.1%. This study developed a novel and efficient SPME coating material for extracting organic pollutants from environmental samples.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralChlorobenzenes (CBs) are a kind of raw materials for the synthesis of pesticides, dyes, chemical agents, polymers, and other fine chemicals, and have been widely used in modern industries
Traditional approaches for the determination of CBs in water have been established by using gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after pretreatment procedures such as liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction [3]
The fabrication of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating based on the carbon dots (CDs)/g-C3 N4 composites was carried out by physical adhesion with silicone glue, according to reported literatures [29,30,31]
Summary
Chlorobenzenes (CBs) are a kind of raw materials for the synthesis of pesticides, dyes, chemical agents, polymers, and other fine chemicals, and have been widely used in modern industries. Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has attracted wide attention as an effective adsorbent for sample pretreatment due to its simple preparation, abundant π-electron structure, hydrophobicity, and excellent thermal and chemical stability [23,24,25,26]. The decoration of CDs onto g-C3 N4 exhibited more abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups and enlarged the surface area, resulting in the improvement of extraction efficiencies for CBs from water. The CDs/g-C3 N4 composites took full advantage of the abundant chemical groups of CDs and the hydrophobicity of g-C3 N4 , and overcame the drawbacks of CDs in pollutant-extraction from water due to its strong hydrophily. This study provided a novel material for SPME coating, and extended the application field of CDs in SPME techniques
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