Carbon Dioxide Is Not the Chief Culprit of Global Warming

Debate over climate change is nothing new. Scientists have been arguing about whether greenhouse gases released by human activity might change the climate since the late nineteenth century, when Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius first proposed that industrial emissions might cause global warming.1 Fueled by partisan bickering, this dispute now is more bellicose than ever.

Boykoff and Mansfield (2008), in a recent paper in this journal, provide a detailedanalysis of the representation of climate change in the UK tabloid newspapers.They conclude that the representation of this issue in these papers ‘diverged fromthe scientific consensus that humans contribute to climate change’. That is,portrayal of climate change in tabloid newspapers contradicts the conclusions ofthe fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment (IPCC2007). Is it healthy to have the scientific consensus challenged so frequently? Butshould we worry about systematic misrepresentation of scientific consensus? Webelieve the answer to both of these questions is yes. To present regular updates onclimate change issues in the popular press is important because the changes inbehaviour needed to achieve substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissionsrequire a broad understanding of the basic facts. However, if the majority ofreaders receive misleading information, it will be difficult to achieve the level ofpublic understanding necessary to make such reductions needed to avoiddangerous climate change (Schellnhuber

Climate change is not the new phenomenon. The palaeo-climatic studies reveal that during the Pleistocene and Holocene periods several warm and cold periods occurred, resulted change of sea level and change in climatic processes like rise and fall of global average temperature and rainfall. The last medieval warm period was observed from 950 to 1350 AD, followed by the little Ice Age from 1400 to 1900 AD. Occurrence of these climatic changes and their impacts are considered due to natural processes that are geological and astronomical. In 1970s environmentalists and some climate scientists pointed that earth’s average temperature is rising linked with the anthropogenic causes of global warming and emission of carbon dioxide through fossil fuels. In late 1980s the problem was discussed in politics and media. To examine and monitor the global rise of temperature and its impacts due to the emission of carbon dioxide an organization of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was created in 1988 by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC released several reports based upon anthropogenic causes of climate change and their impacts. According to IPCC, 2007 report on climate change during the last 100 years the earth’s average temperature has increased up to 0.6 degree Celsius and if emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide continues to rise, global temperature will rise up to 5.8 degrees Celsius by the end of 2100 AD. Similarly as a result of this threat of global warming, glaciers will disappear even from Antarctica and Arctic sea will open for navigation throughout the year. Many islands and coastal cities will submerge as a result of sea level rise. In 2004 Canadian Broadcasting T.V presented a documentary with the name “ The doomsday called off” in which leading climate scientists, astrophysicist and geophysicist presented evidences that science of global warming presented by IPCC scientists is incomplete and incorrect based upon computer models and stimulations which are deliberately exaggerated. Many climate scientists have shown disassociation with the IPCC views and speculations on the basis of its doubtful manipulated and exaggerated figures of global warming and some consider it a climate scam. Since then debate between UN pro man-made global warming scientists and anti-man-made global warming climate scientists continue.

Better information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is necessary to manage these emissions and identify responses that are consistent with the food security and economic development priorities of countries. Critical activity data (what crops or livestock are managed in what way) are poor or lacking for many agricultural systems, especially in developing countries. In addition, the currently available methods for quantifying emissions and mitigation are often too expensive or complex or not sufficiently user friendly for widespread use.The purpose of this focus issue is to capture the state of the art in quantifying greenhouse gases from agricultural systems, with the goal of better understanding our current capabilities and near-term potential for improvement, with particular attention to quantification issues relevant to smallholders in developing countries. This work is timely in light of international discussions and negotiations around how agriculture should be included in efforts to reduce and adapt to climate change impacts, and considering that significant climate financing to developing countries in post-2012 agreements may be linked to their increased ability to identify and report GHG emissions (Murphy et al 2010, CCAFS 2011, FAO 2011).

The Ecology of Meat

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

The average global temperatures on our planet are increasing due to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, in particular carbon dioxide (CO2).1, 2 There is an urgent need to call for action on global warming, which is resulting in extreme weather and related catastrophes.1, 2 The Earth's rising temperature is evidenced by warming of the oceans, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and the diminished snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate-related factors can affect interactive atmospheric components (chemical and biological) and their interrelationship with human health. Climate change, a physical and meteorological event that affects health in the whole biosphere, started to receive attention around the mid-twentieth century. Air pollution is the driving force of the Earth's warming powered by the greenhouse effect (Figure 1). Environmental changes are occurring in frequency, intensity, type of precipitation, and extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, blizzards, thunderstorms, sandstorms, and hurricanes. These are real and daunting challenges for the human and biosphere health, impacting the food and water supplies.1, 2 Urbanization, with its high level of vehicle emissions and westernized lifestyle, is linked to the rising levels of particulate matter in the air, food supplies, soil, fresh water, and oceans. These environmental changes are correlated with the increased frequency of respiratory allergic diseases and bronchial asthma observed over recent decades in most industrialized countries and is continuously rising in developing countries.1-5 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2018 Global warming of 1.5°C: Summary for policymakers. Geneva IPCC.6 IPCC 2018 Special Report—Global Warming of 1.5°C asserts that emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) caused by human activity must reach "net zero" by 2050 to keep the average rise in global temperature at 1.5°C above preindustrial levels to reduce catastrophic climate change risk on populations. The Report highlights that "temperature extremes on land are projected to warm more than the global mean surface temperature (high confidence); extreme hot days in mid-latitudes warm by up to about 5°C at global warming of 1.5°C and about 4°C at 2°C, and extreme cold nights in high latitudes warm by up to about 4.5°C at 1.5°C and about 6°C at 2°C (high confidence). The number of hot days is projected to increase in most land regions, with the highest increases in the tropics (high confidence)." This issue of Allergy focuses on the interrelationship between climate change, air pollution, and human health.3-5, 7, 8 Climate change is an important medical aspect in allergology as we are observing an increasing incidence of allergic diseases indirectly related to rising temperatures and are becoming a high socioeconomic burden.1-3, 9 Allergies and asthma appear to be at the front line of the sequelae of climate change along with infectious and cardiovascular diseases.1, 5 Cecchi et al focus on the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases can be explained in terms of the exposome, a concept that includes all the environmental exposures from conception onwards. Multiple factors can trigger a pollen-induced respiratory allergy, such as airborne endotoxin levels and microbial composition of pollen, and these comprise a "pollen exposome."4, 10 Susan Prescott has written an editorial in this issue bringing the attention to climate change and biodiversity aspects. At the time of Neil Armstrong's lunar landing 50 years ago, Prof. Rene Dubos, a renowned microbiologist, delivered the seminal lecture "The Spaceship Earth." He was ahead of his time and warned of an "altered immunity" driven by environmental problems and loss of biodiversity. Most of his predictions proved correct, and we are now understanding at a molecular level the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in allergic diseases.9 Climate change indirectly affects allergies by altering the pollen concentrations, allergenic potential, composition, migration of species, and growth of new ones. Air pollution and climate change have resulted in the faster growth of allergenic plants, increasing the aeroallergen load for patients with inhalant allergy. Phenological studies indicate longer pollen seasons and emerge earlier in the year.1, 4, 5, 9 Pollen and mold allergies are generally used to evaluate the interrelationship between air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases, such as rhinitis and asthma. Studies show that plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis and reproductive effects and produce more pollen as a response to high atmospheric levels of CO2.1, 4, 9 Pollen allergens have been demonstrated to trigger the release of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators that accelerate the onset of allergy and the IgE-mediated sensitization. Lightning storms or wet conditions rupture the pollen grains releasing the allergenic proteins that cause asthma exacerbations in patients with pollinosis (thunderstorm asthma).1, 3, 4, 8, 11 As a result of climate change, patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma have more intense symptoms and need stronger medication.1, 4, 9 In addition to respiratory illnesses, Fairweather et al. demonstrate the effect of environmental changes on cardiovascular, brain and mind, gastrointestinal, skin, and immunologic and metabolic effects.1, 3, 4, 8 The migration of stinging and biting insects to cooler climates has caused an increase in insect allergies in those areas. Prunicki et al focus on the contribution of wildfires and deforestation and their contribution to global warming and immunological effects. It should be noted that in the last fifty years, half of the pluvial forests on Earth have been lost. Deforestation and forestation degradation is estimated to occur at a rate of 13 million hectares per year, mostly for agricultural purposes. Wildfires are becoming increasingly frequent, posing a serious risk to human health. The fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in wildfire smoke exacerbates asthma attacks, among other health problems. A study of 67 subjects demonstrated that those exposed to wildfire smoke had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein and IL-1β compared with controls.7 The elevated levels of these two biomarkers are indicative of airway inflammation. Global warming and climate change need actions throughout the whole world with joined forces of all capabilities. These efforts are sometimes hampered by the unresponsiveness of governmental institutions and the general population, and the lack of infrastructure and poverty. An action plan is needed to disseminate information on health-related problems associated with climate change. Patients with pollen allergies or asthma should be educated on the higher health risk during a thunderstorm or pollen season and the need for appropriate medication if staying outdoors. In collaboration with environmental organizations, physicians should take the lead to promote actions to mitigate air pollution and advocate the need to reduce global warming to protect our health. CA reports grants from Allergopharma, Idorsia, Swiss National Science Foundation, Christine Kühne—Center for Allergy Research and Education, European Commission's Horizon's 2020 Framework Programme, Cure, Novartis Research Institutes, AstraZeneca, Scibase, and Sanofi/Regeneron. GD'A declares no conflicts of interest.

Agriculture production is directly dependent on climate change and weather. Possible changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 concentration are expected to significantly impact crop growth and ultimately we lose our crop productivity and indirectly affect the sustainable food availability issue. The overall impact of climate change on worldwide food production is considered to be low to moderate with successful adaptation and adequate irrigation. Climate change has a serious impact on the availability of various resources on the earth especially water, which sustains life on this planet. The global food security situation and outlook remains delicately imbalanced amid surplus food production and the prevalence of hunger, due to the complex interplay of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at various human and institutional scales. Weather aberration poses complex challenges in terms of increased variability and risk for food producers and the energy and water sectors. Changes in the biosphere, biodiversity and natural resources are adversely affecting human health and quality of life. Throughout the 21st century, India is projected to experience warming above global level. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers. Longevity of heat waves across India has extended in recent years with warmer night temperatures and hotter days, and this trend is expected to continue. Strategic research priorities are outlined for a range of sectors that underpin global food security, including: agriculture, ecosystem services from agriculture, climate change, international trade, water management solutions, the water-energy-food security nexus, service delivery to smallholders and women farmers, and better governance models and regional priority setting. There is a need to look beyond agriculture and invest in affordable and suitable farm technologies if the problem of food insecurity is to be addressed in a sustainable manner. Introduction Globally, agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. This vulnerability is relatively higher in India in view of the large population depending on agriculture and poor coping capabilities of small and marginal farmers. Impacts of climate change pose a serious threat to food security. “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (World Food Summit, 1996). This definition gives rise to four dimensions of food security: availability of food, accessibility (economically and physically), utilization (the way it is used and assimilated by the human body) and stability of these three dimensions. According to the United Nations, in 2015, there are still 836 million people in the world living in extreme poverty (less than USD1.25/day) (UN, 2015). And according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), at least 70 percent of the very poor live in rural areas, most of them depending partly (or completely) on agriculture for their livelihoods. It is estimated that 500 million smallholder farms in the developing world are supporting almost 2 billion people, and in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa these small farms produce about 80 percent of the food consumed. Climate change threatens to reverse the progress made so far in the fight against hunger and malnutrition. As highlighted by the assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), climate change augments and intensifies risks to food security for the most vulnerable countries and populations. Few of the major risks induced by climate change, as identified by IPCC have direct consequences for food security (IPCC, 2007). These are mainly to loss of rural livelihoods and income, loss of marine and coastal ecosystems, livelihoods loss of terrestrial and inland water ecosystems and food insecurity (breakdown of food systems). Rural farmers, whose livelihood depends on the use of natural resources, are likely to bear the brunt of adverse impacts. Most of the crop simulation model runs and experiments under elevated temperature and carbon dioxide indicate that by 2030, a 3-7% decline in the yield of principal cereal crops like rice and wheat is likely in India by adoption of current production technologies. Global warming impacts growth, reproduction and yields of food and horticulture crops, increases crop water requirement, causes more soil erosion, increases thermal stress on animals leading to decreased milk yields and change the distribution and breeding season of fisheries. Fast changing climatic conditions, shrinking land, water and other natural resources with rapid growing population around the globe has put many challenges before us (Mukherjee, 2014). Food is going to be second most challenging issue for mankind in time to come. India will also begin to experience more seasonal variation in temperature with more warming in the winters than summers (Christensen et al., 2007). Climate change is posing a great threat to agriculture and food security in India and it's subcontinent. Water is the most critical agricultural input in India, as 55% of the total cultivated areas do not have irrigation facilities. Currently we are able to secure food supplies under these varying conditions. Under the threat of climate variability, our food grain production system becomes quite comfortable and easily accessible for local people. India's food grain production is estimated to rise 2 per cent in 2020-21 crop years to an all-time high of 303.34 million tonnes on better output of rice, wheat, pulse and coarse cereals amid good monsoon rains last year. In the 2019-20 crop year, the country's food grain output (comprising wheat, rice, pulses and coarse cereals) stood at a record 297.5 million tonnes (MT). Releasing the second advance estimates for 2020-21 crop year, the agriculture ministry said foodgrain production is projected at a record 303.34 MT. As per the data, rice production is pegged at record 120.32 MT as against 118.87 MT in the previous year. Wheat production is estimated to rise to a record 109.24 MT in 2020-21 from 107.86 MT in the previous year, while output of coarse cereals is likely to increase to 49.36 MT from 47.75 MT. Pulses output is seen at 24.42 MT, up from 23.03 MT in 2019-20 crop year. In the non-foodgrain category, the production of oilseeds is estimated at 37.31 MT in 2020-21 as against 33.22 MT in the previous year. Sugarcane production is pegged at 397.66 MT from 370.50 MT in the previous year, while cotton output is expected to be higher at 36.54 million bales (170 kg each) from 36.07. This production figure seem to be sufficient for current population, but we need to improve more and more with vertical farming and advance agronomic and crop improvement tools for future burgeoning population figure under the milieu of climate change issue. Our rural mass and tribal people have very limited resources and they sometime complete depend on forest microhabitat. To order to ensure food and nutritional security for growing population, a new strategy needs to be initiated for growing of crops in changing climatic condition. The country has a large pool of underutilized or underexploited fruit or cereals crops which have enormous potential for contributing to food security, nutrition, health, ecosystem sustainability under the changing climatic conditions, since they require little input, as they have inherent capabilities to withstand biotic and abiotic stress. Apart from the impacts on agronomic conditions of crop productions, climate change also affects the economy, food systems and wellbeing of the consumers (Abbade, 2017). Crop nutritional quality become very challenging, as we noticed that, zinc and iron deficiency is a serious global health problem in humans depending on cereal-diet and is largely prevalent in low-income countries like Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-east Asia. We report inefficiency of modern-bred cultivars of rice and wheat to sequester those essential nutrients in grains as the reason for such deficiency and prevalence (Debnath et al., 2021). Keeping in mind the crop yield and nutritional quality become very daunting task to our food security issue and this can overcome with the proper and time bound research in cognizance with the environment. Threat and challenges In recent years, climate change has become a debatable issue worldwide. South Asia will be one of the most adversely affected regions in terms of impacts of climate change on agricultural yield, economic activity and trading policies. Addressing climate change is central for global future food security and poverty alleviation. The approach would need to implement strategies linked with developmental plans to enhance its adaptive capacity in terms of climate resilience and mitigation. Over time, there has been a visible shift in the global climate change initiative towards adaptation. Adaptation can complement mitigation as a cost-effective strategy to reduce climate change risks. The impact of climate change is projected to have different effects across societies and countries. Mitigation and adaptation actions can, if appropriately designed, advance sustainable development and equity both within and across countries and between generations. One approach to balancing the attention on adaptation and mitigation strategies is to compare the costs and benefits of both the strategies. The most imminent change is the increase in the atmospheric temperatures due to increase levels of GHGs (Green House Gases) i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) etc into the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperatures at the end of the 20th

In global climate warming, energy shortage, pollution increasingly serious international background, the development of marked by low energy consumption, low emissions of low-carbon economy and sustainable development are becoming the common choice of economic development around the world. Low carbon economy is a new choice of China faces, new opportunities. New challenges are to improve the ecological environment and promote the development of the change of the pattern of economic development pattern. Power industry is as the most energy consumption. CO2 emissions as one of the largest sector of the future development path is correct or not directly affects the effect and the success or failure of the low carbon economy in our country. Power industry energy conservation and emissions reduction under low carbon economy theory research of the path is feasible and provides reference to the planning power industry in our country and draw lessons from. It has good theoretical value and practical significance. Introduction Climate warming has become a 21st century one of the most serious challenges facing humanity. Global warming will cause the melting glaciers, rising sea levels and frequent natural disasters. The deep influence of agriculture and food security is ecological security. Public health security and energy security, such as a direct threat is to human survival and development. Connotations framework of low carbon city is seen as Fig. 1. And increasing greenhouse gas emissions from human activity is one of the most main cause of global warming. It has found atmosphere can produce nearly 30 kinds of greenhouse gases, which play an important role in our fleet. In the greenhouse gases causing global warming effect, the effect of our fleet is as high as 77%. Therefore, to reduce the emissions of our fleet is an important problem to be solved. Fig. 1. Connotations framework of low carbon city Low carbon economy is not a simple technical or economic issue. It involves politics, society, environment, international and many other issues. Any country and any areas develop low carbon economy alone cannot achieve the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. All countries International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 254 around the world need all groups to discuss. In power generation industry in China is as our fleet emissions in the national economy one of the largest, accounting for 38.76% of carbon emissions. Our country electric power production is given priority to with coal energy use by a coal accounts for the proportion of the power structure of more than 70%. Because it has a longer service life of a generator, the power industry has a strong carbon lock effect. The electric power industry for a long time of our fleet emissions will be locked by the current power structure. Therefore research under the background of low carbon economy under the premise of how to ensure continuous and stable development to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction. It is an important problem faced by the current power industry.

Fossil fuel and greenhouse gas mitigation technologies

Microplastics are polymer-based materials with carbon as their main framework. During degradation, they release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Additionally, environmental microplastics can enter plant tissues, triggering oxidative stress in plant cells, adversely affecting photosynthesis, metabolism, gene expression, and other growth parameters. This reduction in plant efficiency in sequestering and utilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide indirectly impacts global carbon cycling, exacerbating the global greenhouse effect. Furthermore, environmental microplastics significantly alter soil structure and the composition of microbial communities, affecting the emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, thus indirectly promoting greenhouse gas emissions. Increasing research suggests a mutual reinforcement between microplastic pollution and global climate warming, where microplastic pollution exacerbates global climate warming, and the rise in global average temperature leads to the resuspension of microplastics in sediments, intensifying microplastic pollution in the environment. This article primarily focuses on the impacts of environmental microplastic pollution on different ecosystems and the relationship between microplastic pollution and global climate warming. It summarizes the effects of microplastic pollution on greenhouse gas emissions in marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems, as well as the mechanisms by which microplastics and climate change affect ecosystem services. By delving into the intricate connection between microplastic pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, this paper aims to raise awareness of the climate change caused by microplastic pollution and calls for further research on the impacts of microplastics on ecosystems and global climate change, with the ultimate goal of protecting ecosystems and human health.Graphical

<p>Climate change is one of the most urgent issues facing humanity today. Humans have been rapidly changing the balance of gases in the atmosphere which causes global warming. Burning fossil fuels like coal and oil, farming and forestry, agriculture and cement manufacture cause to release water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), ozone and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) known as the primary greenhouse gases. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas absorbing infrared energy emitted from the earth, preventing it from returning to space. It is necessary to separate man-made (anthropogenic) emissions from natural contributions in the atmosphere to obtain accurate emission data [1-4]. Since it could not be achieved with the existing metrological infrastructure, it is required to develop the measurements and references of stable isotopes of CO<sub>2</sub>. In this study, static and dynamic reference materials for pure CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 µmol/mol in air matrix were prepared and it was provided to simulate CO<sub>2</sub> gas in the atmosphere.</p><p>The static gas mixtures were prepared gravimetrically in accordance with the ISO 6142-1 standard. In order to obtain CO<sub>2</sub> gas at desired isotopic compositions, commercial CO<sub>2</sub> gases were also supplied from abroad. Their isotopic compositions were measured by using GC-IRMS. Before filling, aluminum cylinders were evacuated until the pressure of 10<sup>-7</sup> mbar using turbo-molecular vacuum pump. Isotopic compositions of reference materials were determined in a way that covering the range -42 ‰ to +1 ‰ vs VPDB for d<sup>13</sup>C-CO2 and -35 ‰ to -8 ‰ vs VPDB for d<sup>18</sup>O. In order to develop static and dynamic reference materials of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 µmol/mol in air with the uncertainty targets of d<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> 0.1 ‰ and d<sup>18</sup>O-CO<sub>2</sub> 0.5 ‰, previously prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases were used. Dynamic dilution system with the high accuracy was constructed to generate dynamic reference gas mixture of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 µmol/mol. System contains 3 electronic pressure controllers, 3 thermal mass flow controllers with various capacities and 3 molbloc-L flow elements commanded with 2 Molboxes. The isotopic compositions of dynamic reference gas mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 µmol/mol were aimed to be same with the previously prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases. The whole dilution system were calibrated at INRIM to achieve lower uncertainties around 0.07-0.09%. At the measurement stage, CRDS and GC-IRMS equipments are operated simultaneously to determine the concentrations and isotopic compositions of the gas mixtures. The amount of substance fractions of the dynamic reference mixtures are calculated according to ISO 6145-7 standard. It will be checked that whether the isotopic compositions of the gravimetrically prepared pure CO<sub>2</sub> reference gases and the dynamic reference gas mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> at 400 µmol/mol were same or not.</p><p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p><p>[1] Calabro P. S., “Greenhouse gases emission from municipal waste management: The role of separate collection”, Waste Management, Volume 29:7, 2178-2187, 2009.</p><p>[2] Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions, 2019.</p><p>[3] Schwartz, S.E., “The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change”, 2017.</p><p>[4] Climate Change, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1, 2019.</p>

ABSTRACTWaste production increases with the increase in population, urbanization rate and people’s income. Solid waste is a contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which can cause global warming. At the Conference of Parties 25 (COP 25) in Madrid 2019, the Indonesian government is still commited to reducing GHG emissions and working to reduce/limit the increase in temperature below 1.50C. Karangasem regency is an area located in the eastern part of Bali Island, which administratively is one of the regency in Bali Province. The population of Karangasem regency in 2018 based on results of population registration was 414,800 people. The population is spread across 8 sub-districs with the population growth rate in Karangasem averaging 0.88% per year. The distribution of the population will be directly proportional to the distribution of solid waste produced. The method for calculating municipal solid waste will be carried out using the First Order Decay method contained in the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. From the calculation results, GHG emission have been obtained in each sub-district in Karangasem regency. Total GHG emission in 2019 amounted to 11,764 tonnes of CO2-e. Mapping the area in Karangasem district to determine the amount of waste produced by each district is deemed necessary as a mitigation effort to be implemented. In this study, a mapping of each sub-district was carried out on the basis of Geographical Information System (GIS). It is necessary to carry out a GHG inventory at the district level, to determine how much GHG emission are generated from the waste sector. After the GHG emission in known, a mapping of each sub-district will be made to determine the level of emission produced, so that this GHG emission reduction mitigation action will focus more on the sub-districts that produce the most emission first followed by other sub-districts.Keywords: Waste, GHG Inventory, First Order Decay, Geographic Information System.ABSTRAKProduksi limbah meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk, tingkat urbanisasi dan pendapatan masyarakat. Sampah merupakan salah satu penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dapat menyebabkan adanya pemanasan global (global warming). Pada Conference of Parties 25 (COP 25) di Madrid tahun 2019, pemerintah Indonesia masih berkomitmen untuk dapat menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca dan berupaya untuk mengurangi/membatasi peningkatan suhu dibawah 1,50C. Kabupaten Karangasem, merupakan daerah yang berada di belahan timur Pulau Bali, yang secara administratif merupakan salah satu kabupaten dalam wilayah Provinsi Bali. Jumlah penduduk Kabupaten Karangasem pada tahun 2018 berdasarkan hasil registrasi penduduk adalah 414.800 jiwa. Jumlah penduduk tersebut tersebar dalam 8 kecamatan dengan angka pertambahan penduduk di Karangasem rata-rata 0,88% per tahun. Sebaran jumlah penduduk akan berbanding lurus dengan sebaran limbah padat yang dihasilkan. Metode penghitungan limbah padat kota akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode First Order Decay yang terdapat pada IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. Dari hasil perhitungan telah didapatkan emisi GRK di tiap-tiap kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Karangasem. Total emisi GRK pada tahun 2019 yaitu sebesar 11.764 ton CO2-e. Pemetaan wilayah di kabupaten392 Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Oktober 2020Karangasem untuk mengetahui jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan tiap kecamatan dipandang perlu dilaksanakan sebagai upaya mitigasi yang akan dilaksanakan. Pada penelitian ini dilaksanakan pemetaan tiap-tiap kecamatan dengan basis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). Inventarisasi GRK di tingkat kabupaten ini perlu dilakukan, untuk mengetahui sampai berapa besar emisi GRK yang dihasilkan dari sektor limbah tersebut. Setelah emisi GRK sudah diketahui, maka akan dibuat sebuah pemetaan tiap-tiap kecamatan untuk mengetahui tingkat emisi yang dihasilkan, sehingga aksi mitigasi penurunan emisi GRK ini akan lebih fokus pada kecamatan-kecamatan yang menghasilkan emisi paling besar terlebih dahulu dilanjutkan dengan kecamatan yang lainnya.Kata Kunci : Limbah, Inventarisasi GRK, First Order Decay, Sistem Informasi Geografis.

Effect of climate change is not confined to arthropod pests and their outbreaks; beneficial arthropods are also affected. Therefore, an attempt has been made to include effect of global warming on four beneficial arthropods viz., insects, mites, ticks and, spiders. Global warming is a great concern throughout the world. The ill effects of global warming like change in climate, temperature, rainfall, humidity, level of carbon dioxide have been found to have both positive and negative effects on insects, which in turn reduces the effectiveness of crop protection measures. Effect on human animal health is no exception. This creates the need for global warming to be taken as an important criterion in Entomology. Being poikilothermic in nature insects are greatly affected by changing temperature. The major cause of climate change is the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) viz., carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (NO2) as a result of human activities from pre-industrial era. These gases keep the earth warm and cause global warming or greenhouse effect. Global warming is caused by natural factors as well as human activities. There are number of natural factors responsible for climate change. Some of the most prominent are volcanoes, ocean currents, forest fire etc. Among human activities, emissions of greenhouse gases, industrialization, deforestation, fuel burning, etc. are the most important factors contributing to global warming. It is not new that global warming can affect agriculture through their direct and indirect effects on crops, soils, pests, livestock and fish. Changes in climatic factors affect crops in various ways through ineffective pollination, salinity, drought, crop sterility, submergence, flash floods, plant mortality through inappropriate temperature level, hot air flush, cyclone, hailstorm etc. Climate change affects the biology of insects, spiders and mites. Global climate changes have significant impacts on agriculture and also on agricultural insect pests. Agricultural crops and their corresponding pests are irectly and indirectly affected by climate change. Direct impacts are on pests' reproduction, development, survival and dispersal, whereas indirectly the climate change affects the relationships between pests, their environment and other insect species such as natural enemies, competitors, vectors and mutualisms. Insects are poikilothermic organisms; the temperature of their body depends on the temperature of the environment. Thus, temperature is probably the most important environmental factor affecting insect behavior, distribution, development and reproduction. Therefore, farmers can expect to face new and intense pest problems in the coming years due to the changing climate. The spread of crop pests across physical and political boundaries threatens food security which is a global problem common to all countries and regions. Effects of different climatic factor on several aspects of insects, their natural enemies, insecticides, biopesticides and overall impact on crop production and food security are described here starting with effects on some beneficial and commonly known arthropods.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 20th century have led to increasing volumes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere[...]