Abstract
We examined the food preference of Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), under food shortage, habitat choice in the presence of predators, and cannibalistic behavior by comparing their response to the popular culture plant Elodea nuttallii and the structurally more complex Myriophyllum verticillatum L. in a series of mesocosm experiments. Mitten crabs were found to consume and thus reduce the biomass of Elodea, whereas no negative impact on Myriophyllum biomass was recorded. In the absence of adult crabs, juveniles preferred to settle in Elodea habitats (appearance frequency among the plants: 64.2 ± 5.9%) but selected for Myriophyllum instead when adult crabs were present (appearance frequency among the plants: 59.5 ± 4.9%). The mortality rate of mitten crabs in the absence of plant shelter was higher under food shortage, primarily due to cannibalism. The proportion of molting crabs dying in the structurally more complex Myriophyllum habitats was significantly lower than in the less complex Elodea habitats, indicating that Myriophyllum provides better protection from cannibalistic behavior, likely due to its structurally more complex canopy. Stable isotope analyses of crab samples revealed a trophic shift in both δ13C and δ15N (Δδ13C: 2.2–4.0‰; Δδ15N: 1.5–2.8‰) during the experimental period. Significant positive correlations between body mass and δ13C and δ15N were recorded, suggesting that cannibalistic feeding might further increase crab growth and lead to ontogenetic increases in trophic position with increasing size. Our study overall demonstrates that a combination of submerged aquatic vegetation functioning as a highly suitable food with other less palatable plant species acting as efficient refuges against predators may be the optimal method of plant stocking in mitten crab aquacultures to ensure both high crab growth and a high survival rate.
Highlights
IntroductionCannibalism occurs frequently in natural and cultured populations of decapod crustaceans [1,2]and inter-cohort cannibalism plays a major role in controlling population size and structure [3].Various factors may influence the extent and rate of cannibalism, including: (1) food availability [4,5],(2) crustacean density [6,7,8,9], (3) habitat structural complexity [2,10], and (4) prey vulnerability [7,11].During ecdysis, crustaceans are especially vulnerable to predation and/or cannibalism [11,12].Water 2018, 10, 1542; doi:10.3390/w10111542 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW [7,11]
Our study overall demonstrates that a combination of submerged aquatic vegetation functioning as a highly suitable food with other less palatable plant species acting as efficient refuges against predators may be the optimal method of plant stocking in mitten crab aquacultures to ensure both high crab growth and a high survival rate
Valinoti et al found a Myriophyllum biomass increased of 4–10% regardless of whether the shrimp Palaemonetes was present or not, which they attributed to limited grazing [25]
Summary
Cannibalism occurs frequently in natural and cultured populations of decapod crustaceans [1,2]and inter-cohort cannibalism plays a major role in controlling population size and structure [3].Various factors may influence the extent and rate of cannibalism, including: (1) food availability [4,5],(2) crustacean density [6,7,8,9], (3) habitat structural complexity [2,10], and (4) prey vulnerability [7,11].During ecdysis, crustaceans are especially vulnerable to predation and/or cannibalism [11,12].Water 2018, 10, 1542; doi:10.3390/w10111542 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW [7,11]. Cannibalism occurs frequently in natural and cultured populations of decapod crustaceans [1,2]. Inter-cohort cannibalism plays a major role in controlling population size and structure [3]. Various factors may influence the extent and rate of cannibalism, including: (1) food availability [4,5],. (2) crustacean density [6,7,8,9], (3) habitat structural complexity [2,10], and (4) prey vulnerability [7,11]. Crustaceans are especially vulnerable to predation and/or cannibalism [11,12]. Numerous demonstrated that habitat complexity complexity significantly significantly reduces reduces
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