Can salivary phosphate levels be an early biomarker to monitor the evolvement of obesity?

Abstract

Phosphate is an essential nutrient required for important biological reactions that maintain the normal homoeostatic control of the cell. The adverse effects of phosphate metabolism in obesity have not been studied in detail, chiefly because such an association is thought to be uncommon. However, in some animal models of obesity, serum phosphate levels were noted to be higher than the nonobese controls. For example, leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice become severely obese and have high serum phosphate levels. In this study, we analyzed the phosphate content in saliva collected from children (n = 77; 10.5 ± 1.8) to evaluate association with body mass index; there is a significant increase of salivary phosphate content in obese compared to normal-weight children (ANOVA p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient (r) between BMI and phosphate was 0.33 (p = 0.0032). Our results suggest that the human salivary phosphate level may be an early biomarker of the genesis of obesity in children. The diagnostic importance lies in the fact that the salivary phosphate level could provide a noninvasive predictive marker in the development of obesity. Further studies will be required to understand the underlying mechanism of increased salivary phosphate accumulation in obese and overweight children. Nevertheless, its occurrence without systemic changes could be of diagnostic value, particularly in monitoring evolvement of obesity.