Abstract
BackgroundBoth low and high serum phosphate levels may be associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. As smoking increases risk for type 2 diabetes (as shown by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia), we wanted to study whether smoking and type 2 diabetes were associated with serum phosphate and triglyceride levels independently from other CVD risk factors.MethodsUpon admittance to the Vindeln Health Education Centre (VHE-centre) for a four-week comprehensive lifestyle intervention, the participants (1408 women and 1096 men) completed a questionnaire that included their smoking habits – current smoker or non-smoker. We used multiple linear regression analyses to investigate the association between smoking and other CVD risk factors with S-P and S-TG levels.ResultsIn the non-type 2 diabetes populations, the smokers, compared to the non-smokers, had higher S-P and higher serum triglycerides (S-TG). In women, serum-TG in smokers with type 2 diabetes was higher than in smokers with non-type 2 diabetes. Non-type 2 diabetes patients exhibited an inverse relation between S-Glucose (S-Glu) and S-P and a positive association with S-TG. For men only, an association was seen between age (-) and S-Crea (-) and S-P. For women only, an association was seen between BMI (-) and S-Cholesterol (+) (S-Chol) and S-P.ConclusionsCompared to non-smokers, smoking women with non-type 2 diabetes and smoking men with type 2 diabetes had a higher level of S-P and S-TG. The association between smoking and S-P and S-TG levels still existed after adjusting for age and CVD risk factors in the multiple linear regression analyses.Trial registrationThe study has been registered as a sub-study to the Lifestyle Intervention Trial no. ISRCTN79355192.
Highlights
Both low and high serum phosphate levels may be associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease
As smoking increases risk for type 2 diabetes, we wanted to study whether smoking and type 2 diabetes were associated with serum triglycerides and phosphate levels independently from other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors
Women compared with men All personal characteristics and CVD risk variables included were different for women and men, except for prevalence of smokers (%), age, and Serum cholesterol (S-Chol) (Table 1)
Summary
Both low and high serum phosphate levels may be associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The low S-P in connection with obesity indicates an association with biomarkers for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors [4,5,6]; high levels of phosphate, within normal limits, can be an even stronger or high, needs to be determined and used as the normal reference interval in future investigations. As smoking increases risk for type 2 diabetes (as shown by dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia), we wanted to study whether smoking and type 2 diabetes were associated with serum triglycerides and phosphate levels independently from other CVD risk factors
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