Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) treatment is considered low risk for the development of bacterial resistance and tolerance due to its multitarget mode of action. The aim of the current study was to demonstrate whether tolerance development occurs in Gram-negative bacteria. We evaluated the potential of tolerance/resistance development in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and demonstrated that representative Gram-negative bacteria may develop tolerance to aBL. The observed adaption was a stable feature. Assays involving E. coli K-12 tolC-, tolA-, umuD-, and recA-deficient mutants revealed some possible mechanisms for aBL tolerance development.
Highlights
One of the most urgent concerns in global healthcare in the 21st century is increasing resistance to antibiotics
ABL inactivation effectiveness and mechanisms of action have been extensively studied [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. antimicrobial blue light (aBL) inactivation could be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of hospital-acquired infections that are caused by Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE pathogens)
The proposed hypothesis is that aBL involves photoactivable endogenous metal-free porphyrins that naturally accumulate in bacterial cells [16,17]
Summary
One of the most urgent concerns in global healthcare in the 21st century is increasing resistance to antibiotics. ABL inactivation could be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of hospital-acquired infections that are caused by Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE pathogens). These microorganisms rapidly develop resistance and avoid the effects of antimicrobial drugs, which makes infections with these pathogens especially challenging to treat. Some recent reports have indicated that the development of a stable tolerance to aBL could be initiated by sublethal photoinactivation in some Gram-positive species. The study’s aim was to determine whether multiple sublethal exposures to aBL lead to tolerance or resistance development in the Gram-negative representative bacteria, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa
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