Abstract
Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. The possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of PPRV remains to be clarified. Recent transmission trials with the virulent PPRV lineage IV (LIV)-strain Kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of PPRV-infection. We therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials using the Kurdistan/2011 strain for intranasal infection and integrated a literature review for a proper evaluation of their host traits and role in PPRV-transmission. Cattle and camelids developed no clinical signs, no viremia, shed no or only low PPRV-RNA loads in swab samples and did not transmit any PPRV to the contact animals. The distribution of PPRV-RNA or antigen in lymphoid organs was similar in cattle and camelids although generally lower compared to suids and small ruminants. In the typical small ruminant hosts, the tissue tropism, pathogenesis and disease expression after PPRV-infection is associated with infection of immune and epithelial cells via SLAM and nectin-4 receptors, respectively. We therefore suggest a different pathogenesis in cattle and camelids and both as dead-end hosts for PPRV.
Highlights
Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious notifiable transboundary disease caused by PPR virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus [1]) that mainly affects small ruminants
The small ruminant morbillivirus lineage IV (PPRV-LIV) strain Kurdistan/2011 was isolated on CHS-20 cells [42] from a lung sample from a wild goat in Iraq [3,9,41]
In accordance with the absence of obvious clinical signs in South American camelids (SAC) and cattle at the end of the animal trials, no gross pathological alterations or lesions typical for a Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) infection were detectable at post-mortem examination
Summary
Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious notifiable transboundary disease caused by PPR virus (PPRV, species: small ruminant morbillivirus [1]) that mainly affects small ruminants. Since the worldwide eradication of the closely related rinderpest virus (RPV, species: rinderpest morbillivirus) in 2011, PPRV has spread considerably across African and Asian countries, in particular lineage (L)IV of the four known PPRV lineages (LI to IV) [2]. In sheep and other wild or domestic species within the Artiodactyla order (even-toed ungulates), disease expression associated with PPRV-infection may vary between. For RPV, reservoir hosts including various wildlife species had been determined [7,8], while for the spread of PPRV the possible role of atypical hosts of other domestic and wild artiodactyls still remains largely unknown [5]. The identification of reservoir hosts that may contract the disease by silent spread over large distances and across borders without expression of obvious clinical signs is of major concern. Sheep subclinically infected with PPRV are a known possible source of silent
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