Abstract
Partial enthalpies of mixing for the liquid phase of the binary Ga-Li and ternary Ga-Li-Sn systems at a temperature of 1081 K were measured by high-temperature drop calorimetry. The binary system was investigated to a maximum lithium content of x(Li) = 0.59. In the ternary, seven composition sections were investigated: x(Ga)/(x(Ga) + x(Sn)) = 0.15, 0.45, 0.70, 0.85, and x(Ga)/(x(Ga) + x(Li)) = 0.80, 0.50, 0.40. It is shown, that the binary sub-system Ga-Li shows a strong exothermic behavior with a molar liquid mixing enthalpy of ΔmixH = −22.4 kJ·mol−1 at x(Li) = 0.58 (1081 K). In accordance with an even more negative molar mixing enthalpy of ΔmixH = −36.82 kJ·mol−1 at x(Li) = 0.7 (1081 K) in the binary sub-system Li-Sn, the ternary Ga-Li-Sn system is characterized by a strong exothermic behavior. Our experimental values for the binary Ga-Li system agree well with literature data and ΔmixH against composition was described by a Redlich-Kister polynomial. It is shown, that for the ternary Ga-Li-Sn system the extrapolation model of Toop is sufficient enough to describe the mixing enthalpy of the liquid phase. Moreover, our experimental ternary data were numerically fitted on the basis of an extended Redlich-Kister-Muggianu model which was designed for the excess energy of the substitutional-regular-solution model.
Highlights
The increasing demand of powerful batteries for electro-mobility and load leveling is driving the research into developing new battery technologies [1]
We study molar enthalpies of mixing for the liquid phase in the Ga-Li and Ga-Li-Sn systems at 1081 K
Experimental integral molar enthalpies of mixing in the ternary liquid phase served as an input to fit ternary interaction parameters according to the Redlich-Kister-Muggianu model
Summary
The increasing demand of powerful batteries for electro-mobility and load leveling is driving the research into developing new battery technologies [1]. Li-Ion batteries (LIB) which are widely used for hand held devices like cell phones, notebooks and cameras need to be improved mandatorily in terms of higher capacities, energy- and power density as well as higher cyclability. Such improvements are primarily targeting on the increase of charge density i.e., the amount of charge carriers, which can be stored within the individual electrode materials, and the increase of cell voltage. The theoretical charge capacity of Cth = 990 mAh·g−1 for Sn is almost three-times that of carbon-based anodes used today (Cth = 372 mAh·g−1) [2] Degradation of such electrodes by significant volume changes during continuous lithiation/delithiation
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