Calcification of the basal ganglia: ethiopathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects

Abstract

This article discusses the clinical manifestations, etiology, and pathogenesis of Fahr disease, as well as causes of Fahr syndrome. This condition is characterized by abnormal calcium deposition, most commonly in the basal ganglia. Calcifications are composed not only of calcium, but also of iron, zinc, and aluminum. At present, several basic concepts of Fahr disease etiology have been put forward, and concepts considering genetic mutations have been studied most profoundly. Both Fahr syndrome and Fahr disease demonstrate a very similar clinical picture. Clinical manifestations in patients with this pathology are marked by significant polymorphism; however, the most typical variation of Fahr disease is the association of motor functions and mental disorders. As for motor functions disorders, Parkinsonism accounts for more than half of the cases. With regards to this pathology, this article considers the key diagnostic criteria and potential of brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance tomography. At present, pathogenetic treatment of Fahr disease does not exist, while Fahr syndrome therapy is focused on diagnostics and treatment of the underlying disease. Pharmacotherapy treatment for Fahr disease is targeted at anxiety and depression relief, as well as reduction of motor functions disorder manifestation.