Abstract
Abstract
Highlights
Layered patterns are striking features in double diffusive convection (DDC), where the fluid density depends on two scalars with different diffusivities (Turner 1974; Huppert & Turner 1981; Schmitt 1994; Radko 2013; Garaud 2018)
As a result of double diffusion, thermohaline staircases are found in different regions of the ocean, such as a salt-finger regime intropic regions (Simeonov & Stern 2004; Schmitt 2005; Johnson & Kearney 2009; Yang et al 2020) and a diffusive regime in high-latitude regions (Kelley et al 2003; Timmermans et al 2008; Sommer et al 2013)
After a while when a stably stratified zone forms in the mixture, the layering process is governed by double diffusion: the temperature difference between the hotter bulk and the colder sidewall fluid layer implies a horizontal thermal driving, whereas a stabilizing vertical concentration gradient exists in the coffee–milk mixture
Summary
Layered patterns are striking features in double diffusive convection (DDC), where the fluid density depends on two scalars with different diffusivities (Turner 1974; Huppert & Turner 1981; Schmitt 1994; Radko 2013; Garaud 2018). To numerically study layer formation in DDC systems with both vertical and lateral gradients, here we pick, inspired by café latte, laterally cooled double diffusive convection with a concentration gradient in the vertical direction. In this set-up, the temperature gradient is imposed horizontally, whereas the vertical concentration gradient is stabilizing. In pioneering experimental and theoretical work of laterally cooled DDC, Thorpe, Hutt & Soulsby (1969) showed the successive growth of layers in a stratified brine solution heated from one side They further conducted linear stability analysis to find the onset criteria of layers.
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