Cadaveric study of flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis and flexor pollicis longus innervation patterns for application in selective neurectomy

Abstract

PurposeSpasticity management in finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis and flexor pollicis longus) is a challenge.Recent studies demonstrated the short- and long-term efficacy of selective and hyperselective neurectomy for the spastic upper limb. However, hyperselective neurectomy of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis branches was incomplete, without impairing their muscular body and function.This cadaveric study describes a novel medial approach in the forearm, to reach all the muscular branches: flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus and flexor pollicis longus. Material and methodsFourteen cadaveric fresh frozen upper limbs were used. The feasibility of the medial surgical approach was studied, as well as the number, length and point of emergence of the muscular branches from the median and ulnar nerves to the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis. ResultsThe medial approach to the forearm gave access to all the muscular branches from the median and ulnar nerves to the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus, in all cases. A Martin Gruber communicating branch was found in 7 cases out of 14. ConclusionThe medial approach to the forearm gave access to all the muscular branches from the median and ulnar nerve to the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus, without extensive transmuscular dissection of the pronator teres or flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. This approach opens the way for selective neurectomy of the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. Level of evidenceIV.