Abstract
Burschenschaften refer to German student fraternities or clubs that became politically active following the Napoleonic wars of national liberation. The first political student fraternity formed at Jena on June 12, 1815, and its members sought freedom and national unity. Branches also formed in Berlin, Halle, and Heidelberg. Members demonstrated their nationalism by expressing the motto: “Honor, Freedom, and Fatherland.” They wore traditional German costumes, and adopted the colors worn by patriotic volunteers in the Wars of Liberation – black, red, and gold. Important leaders such as Karl Follen drew inspiration from the French Revolution and its ideals, in particular, popular sovereignty.
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