Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis

Abstract

Background Bronchiolitis is an acute, viral lower respiratory tract infection affecting infants and often treated with bronchodilators. Objectives To assess the effects of bronchodilators on clinical outcomes in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2010, Issue 1) which contains the Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialized Register, MEDLINE (1966 to March week 2 2010) and EMBASE (2003 to March 2010). Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing bronchodilators (other than epinephrine) with placebo for bronchiolitis. Data collection and analysis Two authors assessed trial quality and extracted data. Unpublished data were obtained from trial authors. Main results We included 28 trials (1912 infants) with bronchiolitis. In 10 inpatient and 10 outpatient studies, oxygen saturation did not improve with bronchodilators (mean difference (MD) ‐0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) ‐0.96 to 0.05, n = 1182). Outpatient bronchodilator treatment did not reduce the rate of hospitalization (12% in bronchodilator group versus 16% in placebo, odds ratio (OR) 0.78, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.29, n = 650). Inpatient bronchodilator treatment did not reduce the duration of hospitalization (MD 0.06, 95% CI ‐0.27 to 0.39, n = 349). In seven inpatient and eight outpatient studies, average clinical score decreased slightly with bronchodilators (standardized mean difference (SMD) ‐0.37, 95% CI ‐0.62 to ‐0.13, n = 1006). Oximetry and clinical score outcomes showed significant heterogeneity. Including only studies at low risk of bias significantly reduced heterogeneity measures for oximetry (I2 statistic = 17%) and average clinical score (I2 statistic = 26%), while having little impact on the overall effect size of oximetry (MD ‐0.38, 95% CI ‐0.75 to 0.00, P = 0.05) and average clinical score (SMD ‐0.26, 95% CI ‐0.44 to ‐0.08, P = 0.005). Effect estimates for outpatients were slightly larger than for inpatients for oximetry (outpatients MD ‐0.57, 95% CI ‐1.13 to 0.00 versus inpatients MD ‐0.29, 95% CI ‐1.10 to 0.51) and average clinical score (outpatients SMD ‐0.49, 95% CI ‐0.86 to ‐0.11 versus inpatients SMD ‐0.20, 95% CI ‐0.43 to 0.03). Adverse effects included tachycardia and tremors. Authors' conclusions Bronchodilators do not improve oxygen saturation, do not reduce hospital admission after outpatient treatment, do not shorten the duration of hospitalization and do not reduce the time to resolution of illness at home. The small improvements in clinical scores for outpatients must be weighed against the costs and adverse effects of bronchodilators.