Brittle material strength and fracture toughness estimation from four-point bending test

Abstract

The failure stress under four-point bending cannot be considered as an intrinsic material property because of the well-known size effect of increasing maximum flexural stress with decreasing specimen size. In this work, four-point bending tests are analyzed with the coupled criterion for different sample sizes. The maximum flexural stress only tends towards the material tensile strength provided the specimen height is large enough as compared to the material characteristic length. In that case, failure is mainly driven by a stress criterion. Failure of smaller specimens is driven both by energy and stress conditions, thus depending on the material tensile strength and fracture toughness. Regardless of the material mechanical properties, we show that the variation of the ratio of maximum flexural stress to strength as a function of the ratio of specimen height to material characteristic length follows a master curve, for which we propose an analytical expression. Based on this relation, we propose a procedure for the post-processing of four-point bending tests that allows determining both the material tensile strength and fracture toughness. The procedure is illustrated based on four-point bending experiments on three gypsum at different porosity fractions.