Abstract
Rapid establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is effective to combat emerging infectious diseases. Although the incorporation of adjuvant and intradermal (ID) injection could augment early responses to the vaccine, the current chemical or biological adjuvants are inappropriate for this purpose with their side effects and high reactogenicity in the skin. Recently, a near-infrared (NIR) laser has been shown to augment the immune response to ID vaccination and could be alternatively used for mass vaccination programs. Here, we determined the effect of NIR laser as well as licensed chemical adjuvants on the immunogenicity 1, 2, and 4 weeks after ID influenza vaccination in mice. The NIR laser adjuvant augmented early antibody responses, while the widely used alum adjuvant induced significantly delayed responses. In addition, the oil-in-water and alum adjuvants, but not the NIR laser, elicited escalated TH2 responses with allergenic immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. The effect of the NIR laser was significantly suppressed in the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) knockout mice, suggesting a critical role of the cluster of differentiation 103+ (CD103)+ dendritic cells. The current preliminary study suggests that NIR laser adjuvant is an alternative strategy to chemical and biological agents to timely combat emerging infectious diseases. Moreover, its immunomodulatory property could be used to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for allergy and cancer.
Highlights
The establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is an effective medical measure to combat the threat of emerging infectious diseases [1]
In order to determine the effect of NIR laser adjuvant and representative licensed chemical adjuvants on early antibody responses, we measured time course kinetics of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), its subclasses, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) titers in an established mouse model of influenza vaccination [34, 36, 37] 1, 2, and 4 weeks after vaccination
We have shown for the first time that continuous wave (CW) NIR laser has the capability to augment early antibody responses after ID vaccination with the inactivated vaccine without inducing a potentially harmful allergenic IgE response
Summary
The establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is an effective medical measure to combat the threat of emerging infectious diseases [1]. Rapid design and production of an effective vaccine is, a major focus of research and development in this field [2,3,4]. A wide array of platform technologies, which is based on DNA, RNA, viral vectors, or bacterial constructs, is in an active development phase for accelerated vaccine development [3, 5,6,7,8]. Even upon timely design, successful production, and rapid distribution with accelerated regulatory approval of vaccines, it often takes weeks or longer for the vaccination and booster as appropriate to. S. Yokomizo et al.: Augmentation of early vaccine responses with laser confer protection [9] because this time period is required for production and maturation of neutralizing antibody [10, 11]. Protection induced by this strategy is still equivalent to the conventional approaches [19], suggesting that simple improvements in vaccine delivery are not sufficient to achieve clinical significance
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