Breast arterial calcification: a potential novel imaging marker for HFpEF

Abstract

Abstract Background Breast arterial calcification (BAC) on mammography has been shown to associate with cardiovascular disease, however the association with heart failure (HF) remains largely uncharacterised. BAC is a medial arterial calcification process, which is a marker of vascular stiffness, a key contributor to diastolic dysfunction (DD) and HFpEF. We sought to evaluate the association between BAC and HFpEF. Purpose This study aims to assess the relationship between BAC status and HFpEF. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study included 100 consecutive patients with clinically indicated mammography and echocardiography within 6 months of each other. BAC was visually assessed to determine presence or absence. HFpEF was diagnosed based on combined clinical and echocardiographic assessment. DD was defined by Mitter et. al’s(1) criteria after review of echocardiograms. Logistic regression analysis with Odds Ratio (OR) and (95% confidence intervals) are reported for association with any HF, HFpEF, or DD adjusting for modifiable (body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, current smoking, diabetes mellitus) and non-modifiable (age, past smoking breast cancer, past ischaemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), chronic kidney disease (CKD)) risk factors. Results The prevalence of BAC was 27% and 13% had HFpEF and 55.8% had DD. Patients with BAC were older (mean age 73±13 vs 57±13, p<0.01) with greater proportion of hypertension (66.67% vs 39.73%, p=0.02), hypercholesterolaemia (70.37% vs 43.84%, p=0.02), AF (p<0.01), previous IHD (p=0.01), and CKD (p<0.01). After adjustment for these variables, BAC was independently associated with HFpEF diagnosis for modifiable risk factors: (OR 2.47 [0.50-12.10], p<0.27) and non-modifiable factors (OR 6.96 [1.72-33.31], p<0.01). BAC was also independently associated with echo defined DD: adjusted for modifiable risk factors (OR 8.67 [2.49-42.16], p<0.01), and non-modifiable risk factors (OR 8.25 [2.44-38.27], p<0.01). Conclusions BAC is associated with HF presence, particularly HFpEF and DD. Further research is required to elucidate the role of shared pathophysiological mechanisms, such as vascular stiffness and general arterial calcification, common to BAC, DD, and HFpEF. In the future, BAC may act as a useful surrogate and opportunistic marker to instigate further review if implemented in established widespread breast-screening programs for detection of subclinical disease.Figure 1:Case example of imaging assess