Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a severe threat to community wellbeing. Conventional antibiotics are getting progressively more ineffective as a consequence of resistance, making it imperative to realize improved antimicrobial options. In this review we emphasized the microorganisms primarily reported of being resistance, referred as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae) accentuating their capacity to “escape” from routine antimicrobial regimes. The upcoming antimicrobial agents showing great potential and can serve as alternative therapeutic options are discussed. We also provided succinct overview of two evolving technologies; specifically network pharmacology and functional genomics profiling. Furthermore, In vivo imaging techniques can provide novel targets and a real time tool for potential lead molecule assessment. The employment of such approaches at prelude of a drug development process, will enables more informed decisions on candidate drug selection and will maximize or predict therapeutic potential before clinical testing.
Highlights
A change in the pattern of serious hospital infection after the introduction of antibiotics was noticed early in the antibiotic era
With course of time, sustained selective pressure by various antibiotics has culminated into organisms augmenting ancillary resistance mechanisms that led to multidrug resistance (MDR)—novel penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzyme dependant drug alteration, altered membrane permeability, mutated drug targets and increased efflux pump expression
Further to mention few most challenging MDR organisms presently being encountered includes the so called ESKAPE pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella neumoniae with
Summary
A change in the pattern of serious hospital infection after the introduction of antibiotics was noticed early in the antibiotic era. Unrestrained use of antibacterial past 50 years has wielded selection pressure on susceptible bacteria stains, which attributed to the endurance of drug resistance (Levy and Marshall, 2004; Tacconelli, 2009), among them some are resistant to more than one antibiotic. With course of time, sustained selective pressure by various antibiotics has culminated into organisms augmenting ancillary resistance mechanisms that led to multidrug resistance (MDR)—novel penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzyme dependant drug alteration, altered membrane permeability, mutated drug targets and increased efflux pump expression. Carbapenems were the only sensitive antibiotics for the treatment of MDR coliforms but the development of carbapenem resistance recently is a matter of great concern. The aim of this article is to emphasize the ever growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, counting in the present approaches to limit the spread of MDR. We highlighted how the emerging technologies could be a great promise for new antimicrobial discovery
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