Abstract
With concerns that adolescent girls often skip breakfast, this study compared the effects of breakfast consumption versus breakfast omission on free-living physical activity (PA) energy expenditure (PAEE) and dietary intakes among adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast skippers. The participants went through two 7-day conditions in a trial with a crossover design: daily standardised breakfast consumption (energy content: 25% of resting metabolic rate) before 09:00 (BC) and daily breakfast omission (no energy-providing nutrients consumed) until 10:30 (BO). Free-living PAEE, dietary intakes, and perceived appetite, tiredness, and energy levels were assessed. Analyses were linear mixed models. Breakfast manipulation did not affect PAEE or PA duration. Daily fibre intake was higher (p = 0.005; d = 1.31), daily protein intake tended to be higher (p = 0.092; d = 0.54), post-10:30 carbohydrate intake tended to be lower (p = 0.096; d = 0.41), and pre-10:30 hunger and fullness were lower and higher, respectively (p ≤ 0.065; d = 0.33–1.01), in BC versus BO. No other between-condition differences were found. Breakfast-skipping adolescent girls do not compensate for an imbalance in energy intake caused by breakfast consumption versus omission through subsequent changes in PAEE but may increase their carbohydrate intakes later in the day to partially compensate for breakfast omission. Furthermore, breakfast can make substantial contributions to daily fibre intake among adolescent girls.
Highlights
Schematicrepresentation representation of recruitment, enrolment, and follow-up of adolescent participated in the randomised crossover trial comparing seven days of daily breakfast consumption participated in the randomised crossover trial comparing seven days of daily breakfast consump (BC)
In adolescent girls who habitually skip breakfast, this 7-day crossover trial reported for the first time that physical activity (PA) duration and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) did not differ meaningfully between BC and breakfast omission (BO)
Total daily energy intake was almost identical between the conditions, which coincided with increased perceived morning appetite and a tendency for increased carbohydrate intake in response to BO
Summary
With concerns that adolescent girls often skip breakfast, this study compared the effects of breakfast consumption versus breakfast omission on free-living physical activity (PA) energy expenditure (PAEE) and dietary intakes among adolescent girls classified as habitual breakfast skippers. Breakfast-skipping adolescent girls do not compensate for an imbalance in energy intake caused by breakfast consumption versus omission through subsequent changes in PAEE but may increase their carbohydrate intakes later in the day to partially compensate for breakfast omission. Randomised controlled trials in adults suggest that rather than reductions in daily energy intake [7], increased free-living PAEE occurs in response to breakfast consumption (typically carbohydratebased) versus breakfast omission, possibly due to exogenous glucose availability being published maps and institutional affiliations
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