Brazilian Kayabi Indian accessions of peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Fabales, Fabaceae): origin, diversity and evolution.

Eliza Fabricio De Melo Bellard Do Nascimento Nascimento,Márcio De Carvalho Moretzsohn,David John Bertioli,Carolina Chavarro,José Francisco Montenegro Valls,Patricia Messenberg Guimarães,Fábio Oliveira Freitas,Ana Claudia Guerra De Araujo,Soraya Cristina De Macedo Leal-Bertioli

doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0418

Eliza Fabricio De Melo Bellard Do Nascimento Nascimento, Márcio De Carvalho Moretzsohn + Show 7 more

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https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0418

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Peanut is a crop of the Kayabi tribe, inhabiting the Xingu Indigenous Park, Brazil. Morphological analysis of Xingu accessions showed variation exceeding that described for cultivated peanuts. This raised questions as to the origin of the Xingu accessions: are they derived from different species, or is their diversity a result of different evolutionary and selection processes? To answer these questions, cytogenetic and genotyping analyses were conducted. The karyotypes of Xingu accessions analyzed are very similar to each other, to an A. hypogaea subsp. fastigiata accession and to the wild allotetraploid A. monticola. The accessions share the number and general morphology of the chromosomes; DAPI+ bands; 5S and 45S rDNA loci distribution and a high genomic affinity with A. duranensis and A. ipaënsis genomic probes. However, the number of CMA3 + bands differs from those determined for A. hypogaea and A. monticola, which are also different from each other. SNP genotyping grouped all Arachis allotetraploids into four taxonomic groups: Xingu accessions were closer to A. monticola and A. hypogaea subsp. hypogaea. Our data suggests that the morphological diversity within these accessions is not associated with a different origin and can be attributed to morphological plasticity and different selection by the Indian tribes.

Highlights

Cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Fabales, Fabaceae) is a recent allotetraploid, with an origin estimated between 3,500 and 9,400 years ago (Simpson et al, 2001; Bertioli et al, 2016, 2019)
31 Xingu accessions were classified into three similarity groups, from which the Xingu accessions included in this study were selected
Despite of morphological differences and genetic variation evidenced by microsatellite markers, this cytogenetic study did not detect differences among the three Xingu accessions (Of 115, Of 120 and Of 126)

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Introduction

Cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea (Fabales, Fabaceae) is a recent allotetraploid, with an origin estimated between 3,500 and 9,400 years ago (Simpson et al, 2001; Bertioli et al, 2016, 2019). The vast archaeological findings dating to 3,700 years ago certify its relevance in the human diet since the distant past (Pickersgill and Heiser, 1977). It is a South American native oil legume, cultivated worldwide, including in Brazil by local indigenous populations. The section Arachis, to which A. hypogaea belongs, has another allotetraploid species, the wild A. monticola (Krapovickas and Gregory, 1994; Valls et al, 2013), with A and B subgenomes, from the same progenitors of peanut (Seijo et al, 2004, 2007; Moretzsohn et al, 2013; Bertioli et al, 2016, 2019). Besides the A and B genomes, section Arachis comprises species with D, F, K and G genomes, separated based on morphological, cytological aspects, FISH mapping of rDNA loci and heterochromatin distribution (Stalker, 1991; Robledo and Seijo, 2008, 2010; Silvestri et al, 2015)

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