Brain Tumor Immunotherapy: Current Advances and Future Prospects

Abstract

Malignant brain tumors, particularly gliomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), remain among the most lethal cancers due to their aggressive nature, genetic complexity, and resistance to conventional therapies. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach to combat these tumors by harnessing the immune system’s capacity to target and destroy cancer cells. This review explores the current advances in brain tumor immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, cancer vaccines, and oncolytic viruses. Despite significant progress, challenges such as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier, and tumor heterogeneity hinder the efficacy of these treatments. The review also delves into the unique immunological landscape of the brain, examining the role of microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrating immune cells, and their involvement in tumor-immune evasion. Prominent tumor-associated antigens like EGFRvIII, HER2, and survivin are discussed as key targets for immunotherapeutic strategies. Finally, the review outlines future prospects and research directions aimed at overcoming current obstacles and enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapy for brain tumors Keywords: Brain Tumor, Immunotherapy, Current Advances, Future Prospects